Decision-thinking is not unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The mental process is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.
The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular , he showed that all games fall into two classes : there are what he called games of “ perfect information ” , games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks : they don’t win by chance , but by means of logic and skills . Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of “perfect information”. Quite the reverse, business, polities, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors, which would even puzzle the best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.
1.The subject discussed in this text is __________.
A. the process of reaching decisions
B. the difference between poker and chess.
C. the secret of making good business plans
D. the value of information in winning games
2.An important factor in a game of imperfect information is __________.
A. rules B. luck C. time D. ideas
3.Which of the following can be used in place of “Quite the reverse ” in Paragraph 3 ?
A. Quite right. B. True enough.
C. Most unlikely. D. Just the opposite.
4.In the writer’s opinion, when making business decisions one should _________.
A. put perfect information before imperfect information
B. accept the existence of unknown factors
C. regard business as a game of chess
D. mix known and unknown factors
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
Christian Eijkman, a Dutch doctor, left the Netherlands for the island of Java. Many people on the island had a disease called beri-beri. He was going there to try and find a cure.
At first, Eijkman thought some kind of germ (细菌) caused beri-beri. He raised some chickens. He didn’t eat them, but made experiments on them. The local people were quite surprised at that. One day he noticed that his chickens became sick when they were fed the food most Javanese ate — refined white rice (精炼米). When he fed them with unrefined rice, also known as brown rice, they recovered. Eijkman realized that he had made an important discovery — that some things in food could prevent disease. These things were named vitamins. The Javanese were not getting enough vitamins because they had actually removed the part that contains vitamins. Later, other diseases were also found to be caused by the lack of vitamins in a person’s food.
Today many people know the importance of vitamins and they make sure they have enough vitamins from the food they eat. If they don’t, they can also take vitamin pills.
1.Christian Eijkman went to the island of Java to ______.
A. help the Javanese with their illness
. find ways to grow better crops
C. do some research about the island
D. spend his holiday
2.Why did Christian Eijkman raise some chickens?
A. To eat them.
B. To make money by selling them.
C. To give the Javanese a surprise.
D. To carry out his experiments.
3.If a person doesn’t get enough vitamins in his diet, he’d better ______.
A. eat more rice B. eat vitamin pills
C. eat some chicken D. eat more meat
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
Dolphins(海豚) live in a dark underwater world. It’s often impossible to see each other or anything else around them, so sound plays an important role in their survival. To communicate with each other, dolphins produce all kinds of sounds.
Only other dolphins understand what the sounds mean. Scientists haven’t uncovered their secret communication, except for one kind of whistle. It might last less than a second, but this whistle is a big deal. Why? Because these whistles are actually names of dolphins - and every dolphin has one. Scientists call these sounds a “signature whistle.” When other dolphins hear the whistle, they know which dolphin is calling.
Dolphins often hunt by themselves but still need to stay connected to the group. Since they can’t always see each other, dolphins use their signature whistles to check in with other dolphins hundreds of yards away. “In coastal areas, dolphins exchange whistles even when they’re a third of a mile apart,” says Greg Campbell, who studies animals. That means dolphins shout out to group members that might be nearly five football fields away.
What’s amazing is who names the baby dolphin. Not the mother. Not an auntie dolphin or another group member. Scientists believe the baby dolphin itself comes up with the signature whistle. Like human babies, a baby dolphin plays with sounds throughout its first year. While testing its sound skills, a baby dolphin is doing something amazing. It’s creating or figuring out its signature whistle. How or why it chooses its signature whistle is not clear. Studies show that most of the time the signature whistle is nothing like its mother’s or group members’ whistles.
When the baby dolphin is about a year old, its signature whistle is set. It repeats it often so the other dolphins learn to recognize it.
Deciphering(破译) dolphin names is just the beginning of figuring out what dolphins communicate about. Do they chat about sharks? Discuss the tides? Maybe they even have a name for people. Someday scientists are to decipher the rest of dolphins’ communication.
1.Sound is important for dolphins because of ______.
A．their poor sense of direction
B．their living environment
C．their strong enemies
D．their big groups
2.The dolphin’s signature whistle ______.
A．lasts along time
B．can travel long distances
C．is especially helpful in hunting
D．can be recognized by other animals
3.The author writes the text mainly to _____.
A．encourage readers to study dolphins
B．tell readers how dolphins communicate
C．show how lovely and clever dolphins are
D．introduce a special sound made by dolphins
4.A baby dolphin gets its name ______.
A．soon after it was born B．according to its size
C．all by itself D．with the help of its group
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
Jeanne Calment, a French woman, became a record breaker on 17 October of 1995, when at the age of 120 years and 238 days, she became the longest-lived human being on record. A Japanese man died in 1986 at the age of 120 years and 237 days.
Jeanne Calment lives in a small old people’s home in the south of France; her husband, her only child and her grandson have all died. She is nearly blind and deaf and is always in a wheelchair, but her doctor describes her as being more like a 90-year-old in good health than someone of 120. She still has a lively sense of humor. When asked on her 120th birthday what she expected of the future, she replied: A very short one. She also remarked that she thought the good Lord had forgotten all about her.
So what is the key to a long life? According to some doctors, diet, exercise and no smoking are the three important factors. Jeanne Calment has followed two of the tips. She has always eaten a healthy diet, and she used to do exercise every day until she broke her leg at the age of 115. However, until recently she drank two glasses of strong red wine a day, and she does smoke (now only a little). Besides, Jeanne Calment might have got very good genes from her parents. Her father lived to the age of 94 and her mother to 86.
A local lawyer bought her house when she was 80 under an agreement that he would pay her some money every year until her death. It must have seemed a good move at the time, but so far the lawyer has paid her at least three times the value of the house. Every year on her birthday Jeanne Calment sends him a card saying:
Sorry, I’m still alive!
1.How does Jeanne Calment feel about her old age?
A. She is miserable and unhappy.
B. She is cheerful and humorous.
C. She would like to live much longer.
D. She feels she is going to die very soon.
2.Jeanne Calment owes her good health and long life to _______.
A. smoking only a little every day
B. her giving up smoking and drinking
C. drinking two glasses of strong red wine every day
D. the good genes from her parents, a healthy diet and some exercise
3.Which of the following could best replace the word “move” in the fourth paragraph?
A. deal B. trick C. march D. sport
4.Why does Jeanne Calment say “Sorry, I’m still alive” to the local lawyer every year on her birthday?
A. Because she had an agreement at 80 with the lawyer which was to her advantage.
B. Because she has asked the lawyer to pay her more rent than they first agreed.
C. Because the lawyer has paid her much more money than the value of the house.
D. Because the house she sold to the lawyer isn’t worth the money he has already paid.
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
In our daily life, we have developed a lot of habits, such as, eating habit, study habit, reading habit, etc. However, taking the time to develop a sleep habit is probably the last thing on your mind and some sleep advice simply can’t be forgotten. 1. .
Watching TV until you fall asleep
It has nothing to do with what you watch —TV news isn’t a better pre-sleep choice than TV series. 2. . The bright light keeps you awake all the night. So even if you nod off (in front of the TV, for example), you probably won’t stay asleep for long.
Sleeping with pets
3. . They get comfortable, and then they move. This goes on all night, and whether you admit it or not, it interrupts your ability to get the level of sleep needed to feel rested.
Eating fatty, heavy foods too close to bedtime
Heartburn (烧心，胃痛) strikes anyone of any age, but it’s the most common GI disorder (胃肠失调) in older adults. If you’ve ever tried to go to sleep after eating a fatty meal, you’ve probably found the discomfort of stomach preventing you from falling asleep or staying asleep.
4.
Remember how poorly you sleep when you have a fever—turning over and over again, never really feeling rested? Well, heavy exercise too close to bedtime has the same effect — it raises your body temperature so that your sleep is disturbed until your body temperature drops to normal, which may take several hours.
Accepting snoring (打呼噜) as normal sleep behavior
Snoring may seem as common as breathing, but it’s considered the biggest sleep killer, and it’s linked to several causes: sleeping on your back, being overweight, having a cold, drinking, or taking drugs. 5. . For the snorer, it disturbs sleep by awakening him/her every so often in order to breathe normally. For the partner, the noise can be unbearable.
A. Exercising heavily too close to bedtime
B. Here are some bad habits you need to get rid of
C. Most seriously, it’s caused by a dangerous illness
D. Here are some suggestions you’ll need to follow
E. Pets sleep most of the day, and they move a lot when sleeping
F. Reducing your body temperature before bedtime
G. Rather it’s the TV’s bright light that is the criminal
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
完形填空,阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
While attending a conference, I returned to my hotel room late one evening. The overhead light outside my door was burned out and I had finding the keyhole. When I to open the door, I around the wall for a light switch. I found a plate where a switch was installed... but no switch!
Not discouraged easily, I remembered a lamp by the bed when I laid my luggage in the day. I found the bed in the and then the lamp, but when I switched it on, nothing ! I thought that perhaps if I opened the curtains I might be able to use whatever light comes in from the ___ to find another lamp. So I my way slowly across the room to the curtains and... no drawstring! I finally stumbled（跌跌撞撞地走）around I found a desk lamp which actually !
That evening I discovered in a whole new way just how dark the world _____ be and how necessary light is! But even more necessary than light is the light that shines from people — the light of and faith. Because, for many people, the world is a dark and place. For someone today just may be stumbling in discouragement or sadness or fear and in of some light. So let your light shine. Whatever light you may be a beacon of hope and encouragement. And if you feel that your light is a candle in a forest remember — there isn’t enough darkness in all the world to the light of one small candle.
1.A. confidence B. respect C. admiration D. difficulty
2.A. managed B. failed C. wished D. meant
3.A. touched B. felt C. sensed D. looked
4.A. already B. never C. still D. once
5.A. equipping B. producing C. spotting D. removing
6.A. later B. earlier C. lower D. upper
7.A. light B. dark C. room D. corner
8.A. happened B. operated C. fired D. developed
9.A. machine B. street C. room D. car
10.A. wound B. forced C. made D. lost
11.A. after B. until C. while D. since
12.A. helped B. affected C. worked D. inspired
13.A. can B. shall C. will D. must
14.A. mental B. psychological C. electrical D. physical
15.A. existence B. love C. truth D. wisdom
16.A. lonely B. colourful C. friendly D. complex
17.A. short B. favour C. face D. need
18.A. make B. offer C. take D. contribute
19.A. not more than B. other than C. no more than D. rather than
20.A. put out B. give out C. get over D. set up
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
语法填空,阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
A 24-year-old Long Island man was charged early Thursday morning after crashing his car and killing his girlfriend while driving over the speed limit. Kevin Daly 1. (sentence) to nearly three years in prison after losing control of 2. partner Alice Hicks’ car on a country road 3. 80mph. She was a passenger in the Mini-cooper and was thrown from the car 4. he crashed into another vehicle 5. (move) in the opposite direction. Daly, 24, denied causing 6. (die) by dangerous driving and was found guilty by a jury (陪审团) at Taunton Crown Court. The court heard that neither Daly 7. Miss Hicks, 22, was wearing seatbelts at the time of the collision that happened on November 17, 2011. NBC New York reports Kevin Daly, was driving on County Road 83, when the road was blocked by a truck that was waiting 8. (turn) right. Witnesses described 9. Daly had little or no chance of stopping behind the still traffic and he turned to avoid the van 10. hit a Mazda on the other side of the road.
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
I can’t swim so I have a strong fear of water. Look back at my childhood, I think that three reasons might explain fear. Firstly, I am not allowed to go near the water when I was a child, as my mother had an unreasonable fear of it. Therefore, I was taught to see to the water as something danger. Secondly, my eyes became bad when I was five. If I took off my glass in the water, I couldn’t see something, and this increased my fear. What’s worse, for a child I once saw a neighbor drowned. Since then I have been more frightening.
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
书面表达
再过六个多月你将迎来2016年的高考。假如你叫李华，是某中学高三年级的学生，面对目前紧张的迎考复习和不断增加的压力，你想给父母写一封信，和他们说说心里话。请你用英语完成这封信，主要包括以下内容：
1.对父母的感恩和希望；
2.自己近期学习的计划和安排。
注意：1. 书信必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥。
2. 词数：120左右。开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Mom and Dad,
The 2016 college entrance examination is approaching. On this occasion, how I wish I could have a heart-to-heart talk with you. ______________________________________________ ___
Yours,
Li Hua
难度: 中等查看答案及解析