There are certain areas on Mars where we don’t dare tread. NASA forbids spacecraft from visiting spots that possibly host liquid water, and so where life might be able to thrive, for fear of contaminating (感染) Mars with Earth microbes. But an analysis of the salty liquids on Mars suggests we needn’t worry, because life as we know it should be unable to exist anywhere on the planet’s surface.
Edgard Rivera-Valentin at the Lunar and Planetary Institutein Texas and his colleagues used readings of the temperature and relative humidity across Mars to map the presence of salty water. Any water on the surface is likely to be salty, simply because the surface is. This boosts the chances of water being liquid because salt lowers its freezing point.
It is like when you throw salt on an icy sidewalk, says Danielle Nuding at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. “It’s the same chemistry happening.”
Unfortunately, the saltier the water, the less likely anything can survive in it. The team found that even though there could be briny (盐分多的) water on the surface of Mars up to 18 per cent of the year, depending on the season, no microbe we have ever seen on Earth would be able to reproduce there.
Life as we know it is not going to find these brines and survive because it’s either going to be way too cold or way too salty,” says Rivera-Valentin, who presented the results at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas.
That doesn’t mean we can’t contaminate Mars: brines with different types of salts mixed together might be friendlier to life and temperatures just below the surface are much less extreme. Nevertheless, as long as we don’t dig down, it might be highly unlikely or even impossible for rovers (飞行器) such as Curiosity to contaminate Mars.
“The level of sterilization (杀菌) that we’ve done with Curiosity should be good enough to ignore the ban on visiting what we’ve been calling special regions until now, says Jennifer Hanley at Lowell Observatory in Arizona. I think that we’re OK to go. Visiting these regions would be particularly helpful because, while they are in theory the most vulnerable areas on Mars, they are also the most interesting.
For example, arguments have been raging for over a decade about whether dark streaks on Martian slopes called recurring slope lineae are flowing water or just dust. A quick visit by Curiosity, which is near an area where the flows often form, could solve it once and for all.
Even if areas with water are inhospitable to Earth life, they could still be home to native Martian life forms.
“If you had life that originated on Mars when it was more habitable, it could be that as Mars changed, life could have gradually adapted to the new, more extreme conditions,” says Rivera-Valentin.
1.NASA forbids spacecraft from visiting the special regions on Mars because .
A.life is unable to thrive there, thus there’s no point of visiting them
B.Martian life probably exists there and might threaten human beings
C.they worry Earth microbes might survive there, thus contaminating Mars
D.human beings know nothing about these areas and they are dangerous to us
2.Which of the following statements is true?
A.Mars surface being salty provides evidence that Mars hosts liquid water.
B.Earth life is unlikely to contaminate Mars because the surface of the planet is either too cold or too salty.
C.The fear of contaminating Mars is unnecessary because human beings won’t contaminate Mars under any circumstances.
D.Jennifer Hanley thinks human beings should explore the special regions on Mars in order to confirm the existence of Martian life.
3.What is the point of visiting the special regions on Mars?
A.Martian life might be found.
B.Liquid water might be found.
C.Many puzzles about Mars could soon be solved.
D.No humans have ever visited those regions before.
4.In the passage, you can find the answers to all the questions except .
A.whether the surface of Mars is salty or not
B.whether any native Martian life forms exist
C.whether Earth life is able to survive on Mars or not
D.whether the rover Curiosity will contaminate Mars
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题
There are certain areas on Mars where we don’t dare tread. NASA forbids spacecraft from visiting spots that possibly host liquid water, and so where life might be able to thrive, for fear of contaminating (感染) Mars with Earth microbes. But an analysis of the salty liquids on Mars suggests we needn’t worry, because life as we know it should be unable to exist anywhere on the planet’s surface.
Edgard Rivera-Valentin at the Lunar and Planetary Institutein Texas and his colleagues used readings of the temperature and relative humidity across Mars to map the presence of salty water. Any water on the surface is likely to be salty, simply because the surface is. This boosts the chances of water being liquid because salt lowers its freezing point.
It is like when you throw salt on an icy sidewalk, says Danielle Nuding at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. “It’s the same chemistry happening.”
Unfortunately, the saltier the water, the less likely anything can survive in it. The team found that even though there could be briny (盐分多的) water on the surface of Mars up to 18 per cent of the year, depending on the season, no microbe we have ever seen on Earth would be able to reproduce there.
Life as we know it is not going to find these brines and survive because it’s either going to be way too cold or way too salty,” says Rivera-Valentin, who presented the results at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas.
That doesn’t mean we can’t contaminate Mars: brines with different types of salts mixed together might be friendlier to life and temperatures just below the surface are much less extreme. Nevertheless, as long as we don’t dig down, it might be highly unlikely or even impossible for rovers (飞行器) such as Curiosity to contaminate Mars.
“The level of sterilization (杀菌) that we’ve done with Curiosity should be good enough to ignore the ban on visiting what we’ve been calling special regions until now, says Jennifer Hanley at Lowell Observatory in Arizona. I think that we’re OK to go. Visiting these regions would be particularly helpful because, while they are in theory the most vulnerable areas on Mars, they are also the most interesting.
For example, arguments have been raging for over a decade about whether dark streaks on Martian slopes called recurring slope lineae are flowing water or just dust. A quick visit by Curiosity, which is near an area where the flows often form, could solve it once and for all.
Even if areas with water are inhospitable to Earth life, they could still be home to native Martian life forms.
“If you had life that originated on Mars when it was more habitable, it could be that as Mars changed, life could have gradually adapted to the new, more extreme conditions,” says Rivera-Valentin.
1.NASA forbids spacecraft from visiting the special regions on Mars because .
A.life is unable to thrive there, thus there’s no point of visiting them
B.Martian life probably exists there and might threaten human beings
C.they worry Earth microbes might survive there, thus contaminating Mars
D.human beings know nothing about these areas and they are dangerous to us
2.Which of the following statements is true?
A.Mars surface being salty provides evidence that Mars hosts liquid water.
B.Earth life is unlikely to contaminate Mars because the surface of the planet is either too cold or too salty.
C.The fear of contaminating Mars is unnecessary because human beings won’t contaminate Mars under any circumstances.
D.Jennifer Hanley thinks human beings should explore the special regions on Mars in order to confirm the existence of Martian life.
3.What is the point of visiting the special regions on Mars?
A.Martian life might be found.
B.Liquid water might be found.
C.Many puzzles about Mars could soon be solved.
D.No humans have ever visited those regions before.
4.In the passage, you can find the answers to all the questions except .
A.whether the surface of Mars is salty or not
B.whether any native Martian life forms exist
C.whether Earth life is able to survive on Mars or not
D.whether the rover Curiosity will contaminate Mars
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
There are few areas left where pandas can live, ________ ?
A. aren’t there B. are there C. is there D. isn’t there
高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
When I commute (通勤) into London, there are certainly plenty of people conversing on their mobile phones—discussing and sharing personal details with a friend. 1. In fact, they don't even acknowledge the person who is actually sitting beside them.
Many of us spend part of each day surrounded by strangers, whether on our daily commute, or sitting in a park or a cafe. 2. However, new evidence has shown that gathering the courage to strike up a conversation might be good for our health.
Behavioural scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder looked at this silent relationship and whether solitude (独处) is a more positive experience than interacting with strangers. 3. Their research suggested that when we make an initial conversation, ''we consistently underestimate how much a new person likes us. '' It seems we carry a negative voice in our head telling us all the things that could go wrong and why someone wouldn't want to converse with us.
4. It found that ''every participant in our experiment who actually tried to talk to a stranger found the person sitting next to them was happy to chat.'' The conclusion is that connecting with strangers is surprisingly pleasant. It has a positive impact on our wellbeing. It's true that talking can make you feel happier and happiness can lead to better mental health.
It's good to talk. So maybe, if you're a loner, it's time to come out of your shell and make some small talk with a stranger. 5.
A.The experiment proved to be successful.
B.It could be the beginning of a new friendship.
C.But most of them remain just that—strangers.
D.They talk as though the person is sitting next to them.
E.Talking to strangers can change the communication skills and habits.
F.Their research involved an experiment with a group of Chicago commuters.
G.They found that many people feel uncomfortable and frightened talking to others.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
There are many things in different areas ________ we can do to reduce the possible dangers of AIDS.
A．that B．there C．what D．where
高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
We all know the truth ___ there are air, water and sunlight there are living things.
| A．where | B．wherever | C．that | D．that wherever |
高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
We all know the truth there are air, water and sunlight there are living things．
A．where B．wherever C．that D．that wherever
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm ______ we worked．
A．there B．that C．where D．there
高三英语单项填空困难题查看答案及解析
—Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?
—I don’t mind where we go ______ there’s sun, sea and beach.
A. as if B. as long as C. now that D. in order that
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
—Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?
—I don’t mind where we go ______ there’s sun, sea and beach.
| A．as if | B．as long as | C．now that | D．in order that |
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
–Where can we park ___ car?
–Don’t worry. There’s sure to be ____ parking lot nearby.
A. the; the B. the; a C. /; a D./; the
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析