Let's do some sleep math. You lost two hours of sleep every night last week because of a big project due on Friday. On Saturday and Sunday, you slept in, getting four extra hours. On Monday morning, you were feeling so bright-eyed, and you only had one cup of coffee, instead of your usual two. But don't be cheated by your energy: You’re still carrying around a heavy load of sleepiness, or what experts call “sleep debt”.
Sleep debt is the difference between the amount of sleep you should get and the amount you actually get. It’s a deficit that grows every time we remove some minutes off our nightly sleep. “People get more and more sleep debt without noticing it,” says William Dement, founder of the Stanford University Sleep Research Centre. Studies show that such short-term lack of sleep leads to a foggy brain, worsened eyesight, and trouble remembering. Long-term effects include obesity, and heart disease. A survey reports that we’re losing one hour of sleep each night—more than two full weeks of sleep each year.
The good news is that, like all debts, sleep debt can be paid off with some work. Adding an extra hour or two of sleep a night is the way to catch up. For the long-term lack of sleep, take it easy for a few months to get back into a natural sleep pattern(模式). Go to bed when you are tired, and allow your body to wake you in the morning naturally (no alarm clock allowed).
As you pay off sleep debt, your body will come to a rest at a sleep pattern that is particularly right for you. Sleep researchers believe that although the exact genes (基因) remain to be discovered, genes do determine our individual sleep patterns. That probably means you can’t train yourself to be a “short sleeper” and you’re fooling yourself if you think you’ve done it, so earn back that lost sleep and follow the orders of your inner sleep needs. When you put away sleep debt, you become a superman.
1.The example of sleep math is used to show___________.
A. how you build up your sleep debt
B. how you can pay off sleep debts at weekends
C. why you need enough sleep every night
D. why you should drink coffee to stay energetic
2. What does the underlined word “deficit” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. full sleep B. light sleep
C. deep sleep D. lack of sleep
3.Those in sleep debt for a long time are likely to suffer from____________.
A. failing eyesight B. poor memory
C. weak heart D. weight loss
4.It’s impossible to train oneself to be a “short sleeper” because _________.
A. one can only get their energy during long sleep
B. how one sleeps is determined when they were born
C. one will feel tired if their sleep is less than needed
D. one sleeps more when developing a natural sleep pattern
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be flexible, with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can last for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small, polite bow. Arriving late is considered disrespectful. So be on time. Efficiency (效率) is the goal, so meetings are fast-paced. Singaporeans are direct in their discussions, even when the subject is about money. Rank is important and authority is respected. People avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE, status is important, so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles. The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere. So, do not pull away the handshake. People do not avoid entertaining in their homes, but they also hold business meals at restaurants. Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name. They also are respectful of private lives. You should be careful not to ask about personal topics. Punctuality (守时) is important, so arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe. The Swiss follow formal table manners. They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows(肘部) off the table. It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
1.The passage mainly deals with ________.
A. various types of communication
B. the atmosphere in workplace
C. living conditions and standards
D. customs and social manners
2.Why do Singaporeans avoid arguing with their boss?
A. They regard efficiency as the most important.
B. They dislike face-to-face communication.
C. They are supposed to obey the person of a higher rank.
D. They are used to having a fast-paced and direct talk.
3.In which country do people care about where to put their hands at the dinner table?
A. In Brazil. B. In Singapore.
C. In the United Arab Emirate. D. In Switzerland.
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
Millions of Americans began 2015 with the same resolution (决定) they started 2014 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.
To reach our goal of losing weight — the output, we need to control what we eat —the input (输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to achieve goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of determining to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having dessert for lunch,” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a specific (具体的) input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.
Recently a new science behind incentives (激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on exam, apart from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. For instance, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable goal that you could stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.
In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.
1.The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because _________.
A. it is focused too much on the result
B. it is hard to achieve for ordinary people
C. it is dependent on too many things
D. it is based on actionable decisions
2.In Roland Fryer’s research, some students did better than the others because ________.
A. they obeyed the general rules of learning
B. they benefited from reading certain books
C. they attached more importance to exams
D. they were greatly inspired by their instructors
3.According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?
A. “I’ll study harder than before.”
B. “I’ll cut down my expense.”
C. “I’ll spend more time with my family.”
D. “I’ll walk every day for 15 minutes.”
4.The writer strongly believes that we should __________.
A. be optimistic about final goals and stick to them
B. focus more on the outcome and form good habits
C. create general goals that can balance the input and output
D. take specific actions that can be turned into good habits
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
A long time before I was born, my grandma and grandpa had a young family of four little girls. During the Great Depression (大萧条时期), work was hard to find, so Grandpa did whatever jobs he could. On weekends he and Grandma dug a garden to grow some of their own food.
Everybody worked to keep the garden growing. All summer long, the family ate food and enjoyed flowers from the garden. Grandma put up strawberry jam, tomatoes, beans, peppers, pears and peaches in canning jars. They were good to eat through the long winter.
The family grew up, and grandparents grew old. It became hard to keep up the garden, so they made it a little smaller. There was still plenty to eat from the garden and lovely flowers to enjoy.
Then one summer when Grandpa was eighty-nine years old, all he could do was watch from his lawn chair as the vegetables grew and the roses bloomed. Summer slowly faded, and Grandpa died before it was time to bring in the harvest.
It was a lonely winter for Grandma. She sat near the window, looking out at the yard and wondering if she could plant a garden in the spring. When spring came, she planted only a little garden.
One sunny day in the early summer, Grandma heard a commotion (骚动) in the front yard and looked out the window to see a frightening sight. A huge swarm of bees filled the air between two tall trees. The buzzing sound was very loud.
The bees made their way into a hole up in one of the trees. Before long, every one of those bees had disappeared into its new home. During the next few days, the bees were busy minding their own business. Grandma could always see a few bees buzzing in and out around the opening high in the tree. Before long, she decided the bees weren’t bothering anyone, so she didn’t give them another thought.
That summer, Grandma’s little garden grew and grew. The neighbors would stop to admire the huge crop of vegetables and puzzle over their own gardens weren’t doing well.
One day, Grandma’s brother Frank visited from Arizona. As Grandma made Frank a delicious lunch of squash cakes and homemade applesauce, she told him the story about the swarm of bees. Frank said, “In Arizona, the farmers often hired beekeepers to set up beehives near their fields. The bees pollinated (授粉) the crops and helped them to grow.”
That was when Grandma realized that her bees had helped with her garden all summer. “So that’s why my little garden had such a big crop!” she exclaimed.
From that time on, Grandma always believed that since Grandpa couldn’t be there to help her that summer, he had sent the bees to take his place and make Grandma’s little garden grow and grow.
1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. The garden was dug by Grandparents during the Great Depression.
B. The garden provided enough food and flowers for the family.
C. The garden was made smaller as Grandparents grew older.
D. The garden once lay in waste after Grandpa passed away.
2.It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
A. Grandma was too busy to hire someone to deal with the bees.
B. Grandma felt very lonely and helpless when Grandpa passed away.
C. Frank hired beekeepers to help Grandma keep the garden growing.
D. Grandpa turned into bees to help Grandma keep up the garden.
3.The method the author uses in the underlined sentence is _______.
A. offering analyses B. providing explanations
C. making comparison D. giving examples
4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Grandpa’s Bees B. Grandparents’ Garden
C. The Harvest of Summer D. The Secret of the Garden
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处（第1-4题）的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Texting (发短信) is nearly universal among people with cell phones. While texting can be a great way to stay in touch and to share the feelings of daily life, it sure has a downside. 1. Read on to learn why it is time to put the phone down — even if it’s just for an hour or an afternoon.
2. We all know that cell phone use during the week hours can disturb our sleep patterns, but it's also true that texting during the day could harm our ability to get a good night’s sleep. In a recent study, researchers found that the more people texted during the day, the poorer their sleep was.
Your posture (姿势) is suffering. Texting can actually harm your whole body. People get so focused on their phones that they end up holding their neck and upper back in uncomfortable positions for a long time. That’s why people coined the phrase ‘text neck’, which refers to postural pain. 3. Bring your phone to eye level while you use it. Oh, and give your phone a rest!
4. Your texting could be a liability to the people around you. A recent study found that one in three people was distracted by mobile devices while walking. And texting walkers were four times more likely to ignore traffic lights and fail to look both ways at a cross.
Your school or work performance will suffer. Researchers discovered students texting too much gave worse performance in class. 5. Just reading or sending a text while working can increase the number of mistakes a worker makes during a single task.
A. It makes you a less responsible walker.
B. It’ll do harm to your sleep at night.
C. It can prevent you from really enjoying the activities you treasure.
D. We can’t believe we still have to say this, but it affects your driving.
E. But it isn’t just college students who face texting distractions (分神).
F. What do we lose when we get lost in the texting life?
G. Want to get rid of the effect of all this bending and texting?
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
完型填空
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
It was unusually quiet in the emergency room on December 25. I didn’t think there would be any , sighing about having to be on duty on Christmas. Just then five bodies at my desk, a pale woman and four children.
“Are you all ?” I asked doubtfully. “Yes,” she said weakly and lowered her head.
But when it came to of their problems, things got a little strange. They all claimed to have headaches, but the headaches weren’t accompanied(陪伴) by the body language of holding the head or trying to keep it still.
Something was wrong. Our hospital policy, , was not to turn away any patient. I explained it might be a little while a doctor saw her. She responded immediately, even a bit “Take your time,” and then added, “It’s warm in here.”
Out of curiosity, I checked their registration form. No address—they were . I went back to the nurses’ station and mentioned we had a family of five in the waiting room. The nurses, complaining of Christmas day, turned to sympathy for a family just trying to get on Christmas. The team went into action, much as we do when there’s a emergency. But this was a Christmas emergency.
We were all a free meal in the hospital dining hall on Christmas Day, so we took back that meal and prepared a big dinner for our .We needed presents. We from different departments candies, fruits and other things that could be presents. As seriously as we met the needs of the patients that came to us that day, our team worked to meet the needs, ________ the expectation, of a family who just wanted to be warm on Christmas.
, as the family walked to the door to leave, the mother came back, gave me a hug and whispered, “Thanks for being our angels today.”
1.A. patients B. customers C. nurses D. doctors
2.A. took up B. showed up C. came up D. held up
3.A. tired B. hungry C. sick D. drunk
4.A.descriptions B. directions C. instructions D. contributions
5.A. unique B. ordinary C. normal D. unusual
6.A. therefore B. otherwise C. moreover D. however
7.A. after B. since C. before D. when
8.A. shyly B. happily C. calmly D. politely
9.A. careless B. hopeless C. helpless D. homeless
10.A. operating B. performing C. managing D. working
11.A. warm B. gift C. relief D. medicine
12.A. beneficial B. similar C. medical D. different
13.A. rewarded B. offered C. allowed D. bought
14.A. neighbors B. relations C. victims D. guests
15.A. borrowed B. received C. collected D. bought
16.A. expensive B. useful C. special D. available
17.A. healthy B. physical C. basic D. mental
18.A. without B. below C. behind D. beyond
19.A. Later B. Soon C. Next D. Then
20.A. to run B. run C. running D. and ran
难度: 简单查看答案及解析
语法填空（阅读下面材料，在空白处填入所需的内容或括号内单词的正确形式，不多于3个单词
John Snow was a well-known physician in London. At that time, cholera was 1. deadly disease and thousands of people died of it. People didn’t know its cause or its 2. . John Snow determined to face the 3. and solve the problem. 4. another outbreak hit London in 1854, he gathered information and made a map, 5. (mark) the exact places where all the dead people had lived. Through further investigations, he discovered that the water was to 6. , because it was polluted by the dirty water from London. 7. supporting evidence, John Snow announced that polluted water carried the germs. To prevent this from 8. again, John suggested that the source of all the water supplies 9. (examine) and new methods of 10. (处理) polluted water be found. Thus cholera was defeated in the end.
难度: 中等查看答案及解析
单句翻译（根据括号内要求，并使用所给词的正确形式翻译句子）
1.这个主题公园有一部分模拟的是古代中国的生活(场景)。 (be modelled after)
2.学校建议学生们在寒假接近大自然并进行锻炼。 (get close to)
3.我们接触说法语的环境越多，我们就会更好地学习法语。 (expose…to)
4.当时是困难时期，别的一切都不说，我们财政上也有问题。(apart from; financial)
5.Gustave Eiffel 对他修建铁塔的计划满怀热情，而这座塔使他闻名于世。 (construct; iron tower)
难度: 困难查看答案及解析
请你写一篇英语短文，介绍16世纪后半叶到17世纪一位杰出的戏剧家 (dramatist)和诗人威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）。
注意：
1. 词数100-120左右；
2. 不需逐句翻译所有内容，可根据所给要点自行取舍。
要点：
1. 1564年4月出生于英国；
2. 七岁在当地学校念书，掌握了写作的基本技巧并拥有较丰富的语言知识。此外，他还学过拉丁语 (Latin) 和希腊语;
3. 1586年来到伦敦，当时戏剧 (drama) 正迅速流行起来，他做过演员，导演和编剧(scriptwriter);
4. 1588年前后开始写作，给世人留下了37部戏剧及154首14行诗歌 (sonnet)， 塑造了一系列具有鲜明 (distinct) 个性的艺术形象 (artistic images)。其中《罗密欧和朱丽叶》 (Romeo and Juliet)，《哈姆雷特》 (Hamlet) ，《李尔王》 (King Lear) 最为著名；
5. 人们评价他“不属于一个时代而属于所有世纪”(man of all ages）。
难度: 中等查看答案及解析