Plants can’t communicate by moving or making sounds, as most animals do. Instead, plants produce volatile compounds (挥发性化合物) —— chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower’s sweet smell, for example, comes from such volatile compounds to attract insects such as bugs and bees.
Plants can also discover volatile compounds produced by other plants. A tree under attack by hungry insets, for instance, may give off these chemicals in order to let other trees know about the attack. In response, the other trees may send off their chemicals to keep the bugs away —— or even chemicals that will attract the bugs’ natural enemies.
Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: a chemical sensor (传感器) called an “electronic nose”. The “e-nose” can tell such compounds as plants make. When plants are attacked, scientists say, the e-nose could help quickly decide whether plants are being eaten by insects. But today, the only way to spot such insects is to inspect individual plants by observing them. This is a challenging task for managers of greenhouses, including those that can house thousands of plants. The research team is working with an e-nose that can recognize volatile compounds. Inside the device, 13 sensors chemically react with volatile compounds based on the interactions (相互作用), and then the e-nose will give off electronic signals that the scientists can analyze by using computer software.
To test the e-nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all being common greenhouse crops. Then scientists collected samples of the air around damaged leaves from each type of crop. These plants had been damaged either by insects or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole punch (打孔器).
The e-nose, it turns out, can identify healthy cucumber, pepper and tomato plants based on the volatile compounds they produce. It could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. But even more impressive, the device could tell which type of damage —— by insects or with a hole punch —— had been done to the tomato leaves.
With some fine-tuning (微调), a device like the e-nose can one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this can also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, India, who studies smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device can bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future.
1.We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by ______.
A.making some sounds |
B.waving their leaves |
C.producing some chemicals |
D.sending out electronic signals |
2.What did the scientists do to find out if the e-nose worked?
A.They fixed 13 sensors inside the device. |
B.They presented it with all common crops. |
C.They collected different damaged leaves. |
D.They do tests on damaged and healthy leaves. |
3.According to the writer, the most amazing thing about the e-nose is that it can ______.
A.pick out ripe fruits quite expertly |
B.spot the insects in a very quick way |
C.tell different damages to leaves |
D.recognize unhealthy tomato leaves |
4.We can infer from the last paragraph that the e-nose ______.
A.is unable to tell the smell of flowers |
B.is not yet tested in greenhouses |
C.is designed by scientists at Purdue |
D.is helpful in killing harmful insects |
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题
Plants can’t communicate by moving or making sounds, as most animals do. Instead, plants produce volatile compounds (挥发性化合物) —— chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower’s sweet smell, for example, comes from such volatile compounds to attract insects such as bugs and bees.
Plants can also discover volatile compounds produced by other plants. A tree under attack by hungry insets, for instance, may give off these chemicals in order to let other trees know about the attack. In response, the other trees may send off their chemicals to keep the bugs away —— or even chemicals that will attract the bugs’ natural enemies.
Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: a chemical sensor (传感器) called an “electronic nose”. The “e-nose” can tell such compounds as plants make. When plants are attacked, scientists say, the e-nose could help quickly decide whether plants are being eaten by insects. But today, the only way to spot such insects is to inspect individual plants by observing them. This is a challenging task for managers of greenhouses, including those that can house thousands of plants. The research team is working with an e-nose that can recognize volatile compounds. Inside the device, 13 sensors chemically react with volatile compounds based on the interactions (相互作用), and then the e-nose will give off electronic signals that the scientists can analyze by using computer software.
To test the e-nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all being common greenhouse crops. Then scientists collected samples of the air around damaged leaves from each type of crop. These plants had been damaged either by insects or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole punch (打孔器).
The e-nose, it turns out, can identify healthy cucumber, pepper and tomato plants based on the volatile compounds they produce. It could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. But even more impressive, the device could tell which type of damage —— by insects or with a hole punch —— had been done to the tomato leaves.
With some fine-tuning (微调), a device like the e-nose can one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this can also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, India, who studies smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device can bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future.
1.We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by ______.
A.making some sounds |
B.waving their leaves |
C.producing some chemicals |
D.sending out electronic signals |
2.What did the scientists do to find out if the e-nose worked?
A.They fixed 13 sensors inside the device. |
B.They presented it with all common crops. |
C.They collected different damaged leaves. |
D.They do tests on damaged and healthy leaves. |
3.According to the writer, the most amazing thing about the e-nose is that it can ______.
A.pick out ripe fruits quite expertly |
B.spot the insects in a very quick way |
C.tell different damages to leaves |
D.recognize unhealthy tomato leaves |
4.We can infer from the last paragraph that the e-nose ______.
A.is unable to tell the smell of flowers |
B.is not yet tested in greenhouses |
C.is designed by scientists at Purdue |
D.is helpful in killing harmful insects |
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Because plants cannot move or talk, most people believe that they have no feelings and that they cannot receive signals from outside. However, this may not be completely true.
People who studied plants have found out that plants carry a small electrical charge (电荷). It is possible to measure this charge with a small piece of equipment called “galvanometer”. The galvanometer is placed on a leaf of the plant, and it records any changes in the electrical field of the leaf. Humans have a similar field which can change when we are shocked or frightened.
A man called Backster used a galvanometer for his studies of plants and was very surprised at his results. He found that if he had two or more plants in a room and he began to destroy one of them -- perhaps by pulling off its leaves or by pulling it out of its pot-then the galvanometer on the leaves of the other plants showed a change in the electrical field. It seemed as if the plants were signaling a feeling of shock. This happened not only when Backster started to destroy plants, but also when he destroyed other living thing such as insects (昆虫).
Backster said that the plants also knew if someone had destroyed a living thing some distance away, because they signalled when a man who had just cut down a tree entered the room.
Another scientist, named Sauvin, achieved similar results to Backster’s. He kept galvanometers fixed on his plants all the time and checked regularly to see what the plants were doing. If he was out of the office, he telephoned to find out about the signals the plants were sending. In this way, he found that the plants were sending out signals at the exact times when he felt strong pleasure or pain. In fact, Sauvin could cause a change in the electrical field of his plants over a distance of a few miles simply by thinking about them.
1.Backster was surprised at the results of his studies because _____.
A. he destroyed an insect
B. he destroyed a plant by pulling off its leaves
C. he found that plants could express feelings of shock
D. he found that plants could move and speak after all
2.The plants sent out signals _____.
A. only when Backster Started to destroy plants
B. when Backster destroyed plants or other living things
C. only when he destroyed things such as insects
D. only when Backster placed the galvanometer on the leaves of the plants
3.The scientist called Sauvin _____.
A. did not agree with Backster’s ideas
B. did not get the same sort of results as Backster did
C. got different results from Backster’s
D. found out some of the same things that Backster did
4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Sauvin could make his plants send out signals some distance away.
B. A tree will signal when it has been cut down.
C. The electrical charge plants carry may shock or frighten us.
D. Plants have feelings because they can receive signals without moving.
高一英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
Animals are different from plants ________ they can move when they are attacked by others.
A. where B. in which
C. for which D. in that
高一英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从短文后所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Music can make us feel happy or peaceful, or move us to tears. As an orchestra conductor(指挥), Amy Anderson allows people to experience many________that music can give.
Anderson fell in love with________as a child. She began playing the piano at seven. She bought many videos________by the world’s great orchestras and conductors and________listened to them for hours. During a concert, the audiences see the________of a conductor and the arm movements he or she uses. What audiences do not see is all the work the conductor has done before the________. However, a few months before a concert, Anderson studies the music by________it on the piano. She listens to recording, reads about the musician’s life, and reviews some________events that would have influenced the musician. Her goal is to present the music as the musician________.
While conducting, Anderson uses her whole body to________how the music should sound and feel. Her________are strong when the music is________and gentle when the music is peaceful. As she conducts, Anderson listens out for the________with the balance of different kinds of instruments or voices.
To________young musicians to understand how to play the music, Anderson tells them to imagine a________and relaxing walk or a ship being tossed(颠簸) by waves. “It is music’s ability to________people that I like most,” says Anderson. She has seen audiences at her concerts clap their hands together. ________, listeners are moved to tears by the music. After one concert in Serbia, the audiences________around the orchestra’s buses and showed their________for the musicians. Anderson is happy to be a conductor, because music can________people’s spirits and bring joy into ordinary days.
1.A. feelings B. characters C. thoughts D. changes
2.A. painting B. art C. music D. dance
3.A. kept B. recorded C. praised D. directed
4.A. never B. gradually C. finally D. always
5.A. face B. head C. look D. back
6.A. schedule B. performance C. task D. meeting
7.A. putting B. beating C. playing D. repeating
8.A. important B. strange C. meaningless D. unpleasant
9.A. designed B. expected C. impressed D. ordered
10.A. prove B. recognize C. learn D. express
11.A. ideas B. accents C. movements D. voices
12.A. energetic B. magical C. wonderful D. lively
13.A. signals B. problems C. sounds D. challenges
14.A. encourage B. force C. remind D. help
15.A. short B. quick C. calm D. heavy
16.A. influence B. tell C. watch D. meet
17.A. Firstly B. Frequently C. Fortunately D. Lately
18.A. ran B. drove C. walked D. gathered
19.A. kindness B. care C. appreciation D. understanding
20.A. lift B. follow C. show D. bring
高一英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
When you make a mistake, big or small, cherish it as the most precious thing in the world. Because in some ways, it is.
60 . Most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad. And we are reminded that we should try to avoid mistakes. We’ve been scolded when we make mistakes — at home, school and work. Maybe not always, but probably enough times to make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.
Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow. 61 . We don’t really consume information and instantly know it or know how to do it. Instead, we get information about something, from reading or from another person or from observing usually; then we construct a model in our mind, test it out by trying it in the real world, make mistakes, revise the model based on the results of our real-world experimentation and repeat, making mistakes, learning from those mistakes, until we’ve pretty much learned how to do it well.
62 . If you succeed at something, it’s probably something you already knew how to do it. You haven’t really grown much from that success — at most it’s the last step on your journey, not the whole journey. Most of the journey is made up of mistakes. By trial and error, we try out new strategies and make new discoveries, thus leading to higher payoffs. So if you value learning, if you value growing and improving, then you should value mistakes. 63
A. Just think about how we learn.
B. Everyone can make mistakes in their life.
C. Mistakes are how we learn to do something new.
D. It is natural that we are in a bad mood when we make mistakes.
E. Mistakes are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible.
高一英语信息匹配困难题查看答案及解析
Most people today think of chocolate as something sweet to eat or drink and can be easily found in stores around the world. It might surprise you that chocolate was once highly treasured.
The wealthy people of Spain first enjoyed a sweetened chocolate drink. Later, the popularity of the drink spread throughout Europe. Chocolate remained a drink that only wealthy people could afford to drink until the eighteenth century. During the period known as the Industrial Revolution, new technologies helped make chocolate less costly to produce.
Farmers grow cacao trees in many countries in Africa, Central and South America, but these trees are difficult to grow. They require an exact amount of water, warmth, soil and protection. After about five years, cacao trees start producing large fruits called pods, which grow near the trunk of the tree. The seeds inside these pods are harvested to make chocolate. Growing cacao is very hard work for farmers. Today, chocolate industry officials, activists, and scientists are working with farmers. They are trying to make sure that cacao can be grown in a way that is easy for the farmers and safe for the environment.
The market value of the yearly cacao crop around the world is more than five billion dollars. Chocolate is especially popular in Europe and the United States. Each year, Americans eat an average of more than 5 kilograms of chocolate per person. Specialty shops that sell costly chocolate are also very popular. Many offer chocolate lovers the chance to taste chocolate grown in different areas of the world.
1.We can learn from the passage that chocolate was .
A.served with a drink in old times
B.popular with people around the world
C.a drink enjoyed by the rich in old times
D.bought easily in stores in old times
2.What made it possible to produce chocolate inexpensively?
A.A warm climate. B.Official aid.
C.New technologies. D.Scientific protection.
3.What should ideal cacao farming be like?
A.Simple and time-saving.
B.Safe and labour-saving
C.Easy and labour-saving
D.Easy and environment-friendly.
4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Scientists are trying to help people find various cacaos.
B.The chocolate industry is developing rapidly only in European countries.
C.People in America love to produce dear chocolate.
D.Chocolate making is probably a big international business.
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
We've known for years that plants can see,hear,smell and communicate with chemicals.Now, reported New Scientist,they have been recorded making sounds when stressed.
In a yet-to-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, found that tomato and tobacco plants can make ultrasonic(超声的)noises. The plants "cry out" due to lack of water,or when they are cut. It's just too high-pitched(音调高的)for humans to hear.
Microphones placed 10 centimeters away from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to 100 kilohertz(干赫兹)。Human hearing usually ranges from 20 hertz to 20 kilohertz."These findings can change the way we think about the plant kingdom,”they wrote.
On average,"thirsty"tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour,while tobacco plants made 11. When they were cut,tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour,and tobacco plants 15.Unstressed plants produced less than one sound per hour,on average.
Perhaps most interestingly,different types of stress led to different sounds.The researchers trained a machine-learning model to separate the plants' sounds from those of the wind,rain and other noises of the greenhouse.In most cases,it correctly recognized whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut.Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco,for example.Although Khait and his colleagues only looked at tomato and tobacco plants,they think other plants also make sounds when stressed.
If farmers could hear these sounds,said the team,they could give water to the plants that need it most.As climate change causes more droughts,they said this would be important information for farmers. "The sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision(精准) agriculture, "said Anne Visscher at the Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew,in the UK.
Khait's report also suggests that insects can hear the sounds up to 5 meters away and respond. For example,a moth(蛾子)may decide not to lay eggs on a water-stressed plant.Edward Farmer. at the University of Lausanne,Switzerland,is doubtful.He said that the idea of moths listening to plants is"a little too speculative”。
If plants are screaming(尖叫)for fear of their survival,maybe we should be glad we can't hear them.
1.Paragraph 3 mainly explains_______.
A.where humans differ from plants
B.how the research was carried out
C.what the findings of the study are
D.why humans can't hear the cries of plants
2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the study?
A.All plants make sounds when they feel hungry.
B.Stressed plants make more sounds than unstressed ones.
C.Tobacco plants are more afraid of thirsty than being cut.
D.The more stressed a plant is,the louder sounds it makes.
3.What does the underlined word"speculative"in Paragraph 7 probably mean?
A.Surprising.
B.Uncertain.
C.Incorrect.
D.Unique.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Deaf humans
B.Stressed plants
C.Silent screams
D.Precision agriculture
高一英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
The Last Robot-Proof Job in America?
You can get most food, such as warm cookies or vodka, to your doorstep in minutes. But try getting a red snapper (红鲷鱼). Until recently, if you could obtain it, it would likely have been pre-frozen and shipped in from overseas.
A new tech startup is aiming to ____________this situation. Based inside the Fulton Fish Market, a seafood wholesale market, the startup, called FultonFishMarket.com, allows customers across the whole country, both restaurants and individuals, to buy from the market. The fish is shipped ____________, rather than frozen, thanks to an Amazon advanced logistics system. Mike Spindler, the company’s C.E.O., said recently, “I can get a fish to Warren Buffett, that’s as fresh as if he’d walked down to the pier (码头) and bought it that morning.”
There is one thing, ____________, that the sophisticated logistics system cannot do: pick out a fish. If Warren Buffett orders a red snapper, the company needs to ____________ that his fish is actually red snapper, and not some other. According to the ocean-conservation organization, more than 20% of the seafood in restaurants and grocery stores in America is ___________. For this task, the company has employed Robert DiGregorio, a forty-seven-year veteran of the business, who possesses a blend of judgement and ___________ knowledge that, so far, computers have yet to replicate.
“___________ the food-safety stuff, our business could be any market from the last three thousand years of human history,” Spindler told me. He is experienced in the ___________ business. When he arrived at the fish market in 2014, people were cautious. “They thought selling fish on the Internet was___________.” DiGregorio said, speaking for the fishmongers(鱼贩). “They didn’t see how it could possibly work.” Five years ago, DeGregorio didn’t know how to use a computer, but when the Web-site people arrived at the market, he sensed an opportunity. Together, they’ve created a human-machine fish-buying operation.
By 1 a.m. each night, the company collects __________ from around the country and sends them to DiGregorio. He heads into the market, carrying his tablet computer. The company’s algorithms(算法) ___________ data on their sources and can tell DiGregorio, for example, which stall to go to get the best tuna (金枪鱼). The computer is a “learning system,”, so if DiGregorio makes a choice it didn’t ___________, it asks, “Was the fish not available? Was it damaged?” All that information is fed back in for next time.
Then, what can a fishmonger see that a computer can’t? DeGregorio showed me his part of the ___________ process. “I’m assessing a few things,” he said. First, ___________. Fish should have “nice” slime(粘液). Then, smell. He sniffed the air above the box. “when fish goes bad, it smells like ammonia.” Besides, to get the best stuff, “Fishmongers have to have a relationship with you. To trust you.” He added.
Is he ever __________being replaced by the learning system of computers? DiGregorio shrugged. “By the time they invent a computer that can do what I can do,” he said, “I’ll be dead.”
1.A.maintain B.remedy C.substitute D.recognize
2.A.free B.overseas C.separate D.fresh
3.A.therefore B.otherwise C.however D.thus
4.A.ensure B.propose C.concede D.remind
5.A.overpriced B.misidentified C.displaced D.modified
6.A.computer B.cuisine C.fish D.marketing
7.A.Rather than B.Thanks to C.Except for D.Prior to
8.A.fund-raising B.online-grocery C.fish-selling D.non-profit
9.A.significant B.worthy C.responsible D.ridiculous
10.A.sales B.orders C.alternatives D.statistics
11.A.analyze B.supply C.prioritize D.feed
12.A.require B.process C.predict D.value
13.A.calculation B.decoding C.correction D.selection
14.A.smash B.touch C.wipe D.roll
15.A.concerned about B.eager for C.delighted with D.capable of
高一英语完形填空困难题查看答案及解析
Whether the soup smells _____ or not doesn’t make any difference to me, as I can’t smell _____ due to my bad cold.
A. good; good B. well; well
C. well; good D. good; well
高一英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
―I’ve studied growing plants as one of my interests. Could I make some suggestions?
―_____.
A. You will make it B. Go right ahead C. Don’t mention it D. Take it easy
高一英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析