Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
1.We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.
A. keep rewards better in their memory
B. recall consequences more effortlessly
C. make risky decisions more frequently
D. learn a subject more effectively
2.According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A. ways of making choices B. preference for pleasure
C. tolerance of punishments D. responses to suggestions
3.The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A. women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B. men have a greater tendency to slow down
C. women focus more on outcomes
D. men are more likely to take risks
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题
Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
1.We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.
A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
2.According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A.ways of making choices B.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishments D.responses to suggestions
3.The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
1.We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.
A. keep rewards better in their memory
B. recall consequences more effortlessly
C. make risky decisions more frequently
D. learn a subject more effectively
2.According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A. ways of making choices B. preference for pleasure
C. tolerance of punishments D. responses to suggestions
3.The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A. women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B. men have a greater tendency to slow down
C. women focus more on outcomes
D. men are more likely to take risks
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
阅读下面一段材料,在空白处填入一个适当内容(不多于3个单词)或使用括号中词语的正确形式。
Here are some habits based on research from many sources. 1.________ is essential to master them if you intend to master a successful life. Anybody who works to develop these qualities 2.________ (experience) excellent results.
People who master their lives are people who know what they want and are willing to devote energy to 3._______ (achieve) it. They develop the habit of writing their most important goals.
People who master their lives create healthy relationships. They get along well with the people 4. ________ whom they live and work. They give special attention to their family.
People who master their lives are honest. They do5._______ is right. They live by their own principles.
People who master their lives accept their strengths as well as their 6.________ (weak).
People who master their lives take care of their bodies. They exercise regularly and have a far 7. ________ (healthy) diet. They usually don’t smoke and don’t drink much.
People who master their lives control their time. They take at least 8. ________ hour every day for personal time. They spend daily time with close friends or family, and don’t spend too much time in areas 9.________ are unimportant.
Master these habits,10. ________ you will master your life and even master your future.
高一英语语法填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Starting the day on an egg could keep your blood pressure (血压) under control, research suggests. Scientists have shown that eggs produce proteins with a function similar to that of powerful pressure-lowering drugs.
The research, from the University of Alberta in Canada, showed that when eggs come in contact with stomach enzymes (酶) they produce a protein that acts in the same way as Ace inhibitors, but more work is needed to show the effects outside a lab and in the human body.
Earlier this month, British researchers declared that, contrary to popular beliefs, it is healthy to go to work on an egg. They concluded that the type of cholesterol (胆固醇) found in eggs has little effect on increasing heart disease risks.
Researcher Professor Bruce Griffin, from the University of Surrey, said: ‘The wrong beliefs linking egg eating to high blood cholesterol and heart disease must be corrected. The amount of fat in our diet has an effect on blood cholesterol that is several times greater than the relatively small amounts of cholesterol found in eggs. The UK public do not need to be limiting the number of eggs they eat. They can be encouraged to include them in a healthy diet as they are one of nature’s most nutritious foods.”
The British Heart Foundation dropped its three-egg-a-week limit in 2005. However, almost half of Britons believe the limit still applies.
1.From the text we know that Ace inhibitors are .
A. a kind of medicine B. a kind of protein
C. a kind of illness D. a kind of food
2.According to what Professor Bruce said, eggs .
A. are the most nutritious food.
B. have no effect on blood cholesterol
C. can be included in a healthy diet
D. are forbidden to be eaten in the UK
3.We can infer from the text that .
A. drugs to lower blood pressure will be replaced by eating eggs
B. stomach enzymes mixed with eggs can cure heart diseases
C. most Britons agree the three-egg-a-week limit should be dropped
D. about 50% of Britons think eating an egg a day is bad for their health
4.The text is meant to .
A. introduce scientific findings about eggs
B. introduce a medicine made from eggs
C. tell people how to lower their blood pressure
D. advise people to eat as many eggs as possible
高一英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
Based on new analysis, we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe. Geographers predict that within the next eighty years, current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear. Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter, forcing animals to migrate (迁徙) north.
Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases. Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense. If the changes come too quickly, animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.
According to Science Daily, a new study predicts that by the year 2100, many of today's familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today's world. It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these farreaching consequences for the whole world. The planet itself has been showing signs of change. In 2004, a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008, thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake. Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake.
Within just the last few months, new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought. At this point, it doesn't matter what is causing it, but rather, what can be done about it. What's more, our world is getting more and more unstable every year. There is war and threat of war everywhere. Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.
However, other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this. No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data.
1.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage ?
A.Ways to protect our planet B.Solutions to climate change
C.Be prepared for climate change D.Climate change and its effects
2.What is the author's purpose in using the examples of earthquakes?
A.To show the damage earthquakes caused.
B.To remind people to prevent future earthquakes.
C.To show major changes are taking place on the planet.
D.To tell us more earthquakes will happen in the future.
3.What does the underlined word “devastated” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.separated. B.destroyed. C.removed. D.affected.
4.What can be inferred from the passage?
A.Animals and plants won't die out as long as climate changes slowly.
B.There's enough data for us to predict the future of climate change.
C.The world is getting more unstable because of animal migration.
D.The earth is not the only planet that is experiencing climate change.
高一英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
Based on new analysis, we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe. Geographers predict that within the next eighty years, current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear. Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter, forcing animals to migrate (迁徙) north.
Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases. Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense. If the changes come too quickly, animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.
According to Science Daily, a new study predicts that by the year 2100, many of today’s familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today’s world. It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these far-reaching consequences for the whole world. The planet itself has been showing signs of change. In 2004, a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008, thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake. Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake.
Within just the last few months, new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought. At this point, it doesn’t matter what is causing it, but rather, what can be done about it. What’s more, our world is getting more and more unstable every year. There is war and threat of war everywhere. Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.
However, other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this. No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data.
1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Ways to protect our planet.
B. Solutions to climate change.
C. Be prepared for climate change.
D. Climate change and its effects.
2.What is the author’s purpose in using the examples of earthquakes?
A. To show the damage earthquakes caused.
B. To remind people to prevent future earthquakes.
C. To show major changes are taking place on the planet.
D. To tell us more earthquakes will happen in the future.
3. What does the underlined word “devastated” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Separated. B. Destroyed. C. Removed. D. Affected.
4.According to the fourth paragraph, how should we react to climate change?
A. We should explore the reasons for climate change.
B. We should explore possible measures to deal with it.
C. We should stop environmental pollution.
D. We should move to other planets.
5.What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Animals and plants won’t die out as long as climate changes slowly.
B. There’s enough data for us to predict the future of climate change.
C. The world is getting more unstable because of animal migration.
D. The earth is not the only planet that is experiencing climate change.
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
A new app aims to help parents interpret what their baby wants based on the sound of their cry. The free app ChatterBaby, which was released last month, analyzes the acoustic (声学的) features of a baby’s cry, to help parents understand whether their child might be hungry, fussy or in pain. While critics say caregivers should not rely too much on their smartphone, others say it’s a helpful tool for new or tired parents.
Ariana Anderson, a mother of four, developed the app. She originally designed the technology to help deaf parents better understand why their baby was upset, but soon realized it could be a helpful tool for all new parents.
To build a database, Anderson and her team uploaded 2,000 audio samples of infant(婴儿) cries. She used cries recorded during ear piercings and vaccinations to distinguish pain cries. And to create a baseline for the other two categories, a group of moms had to agree on whether the cry was either hungry or fussy.
Anderson’s team continues to collect data and hopes to make the app more accurate by asking parents to get specific about what certain sounds mean.
Pediatrician Eric Ball pointed out that evaluating cries can never be an exact science. “I think that all of the apps and technology that new parents are using now can be helpful but need to be taken seriously,” Ball said ,“ I do worry that some parents will get stuck in big data and turn their parenting into basically a spreadsheet(电子表格) which I think will take away the love and caring that parents are supposed to be providing for the children. ”
But Anderson said the aim of the app is to have parents interpret the results, not to provide a yes or no answer. The Bells, a couple using this app, say it’s a win-win. They believe they are not only helping their baby now but potentially others in the future.
1.How does the app judge what babies want?
A.By collecting data.
B.By recording all the sounds.
C.By analyzing the sound of their cries.
D.By asking parents about specific messages.
2.What was the app designed for in the beginning?
A.All new parents. B.Deaf parents.
C.Ariana Anderson. D.Crying babies.
3.What is Ball’s opinion about the app?
A.Parents should use the app wisely.
B.The app can create an accurate result.
C.Parents and babies are addicted to the app.
D.The app makes babies lose love and caring.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.Parents should not rely too much on their smartphones.
B.A new app helps parents figure out why their babies are crying.
C.Parents can deal with babies’ hunger with the help of a new app.
D.A new app called ChatterBaby can prevent babies from crying.
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
CHICAGO -- New research on vegetables and aging gives mothers another reason to say "I told you so." It is found that eating vegetables appears to help keep the brain young and may slow the mental decline(下降) sometimes associated with growing old.
On measures of mental sharpness, older people who ate more than two servings of vegetables daily appeared about five years younger at the end of the six-year study than those who ate few or no vegetables.
The research in almost 2,000 Chicago-area men and women doesn't prove that vegetables reduce mental decline, but it adds to mounting evidence pointing in that direction. The findings also echo(回应) previous research in women only.
Green leafy vegetables including spinach(菠菜), kale and collards (甘蓝) appeared to be the most beneficial. The researchers said that may be because they contain healthy amounts of vitamin E, an antioxidant(抗氧化剂) that is believed to help fight chemicals produced by the body that can damage cells.
Vegetables generally contain more vitamin E than fruits, which were not linked with slowed mental decline in the study. Vegetables also are often eaten with healthy fats such as salad oils, which help the body absorb vitamin E and other antioxidants, said lead author Martha Clare Morris, a researcher at the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging at Chicago's Rush University Medical Center.
The fats from healthy oils can help keep cholesterol(胆固醇)low and arteries (动脉)clear, which both contribute to brain health. The study was published in this week's issue of the journal Neurology and funded with grants from the National Institute on Aging.
1.In which part of newspaper can you find this article?
A. entertainment B. sports C. health D. education
2.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The research has showed that eating vegetables may be beneficial to our brain.
B. The new research is tested among 2,000 females.
C. The findings of the new research do not agree with the previous one.
D. It has been clearly proved that eating vegetables can help keep the brain young.
3.We can conclude from the text that our brain can be healthy if our body contains the following except_____.
A. green leafy vegetables B. fats and oil
C. clear arteries D. healthy amounts of vitamin E
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
--The research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is challenging and demanding. Who do you think can do the job?
--________ my students have a try?
A.Should B.Shall C.Will D.May
高一英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Dreaming is believing, claim researchers of a new study, who found that dreams have an effect on people’s behavior, judgment and they might contain important hidden truths as well.
“Psychologists’ interpretations (解释) of the meaning of dreams vary widely. But our findings show that people believe their dreams provide meaningful insight (见识) into themselves and their world,” said a lead author of the study Carey More wedge, an assistant professor at Carnegie Mellon University.
In six different studies, researchers surveyed nearly 1,100 people about their dreams. One of the studies focused on general beliefs about dreams and involved 149 university students. All students were asked to rate different theories about dreams. The experts found that a surprising majority of the participants supported the theory about dreams revealing (揭示) the hidden truths about themselves and the rest of the world.
In a second experiment, they surveyed 182 people at a Boston train station, and asked them to imagine one out of four possible situations that could have occurred the night before a scheduled airline trip. Most of the participants said that dreaming of a plane crash would be more likely to affect their travel plans than would just thinking about a crash, or being warned by the government of a terrorism risk. They said a dreamed crash would influence their travel plans just as much as learning about a real crash on their planned route would.
Another experiment involved 270 men and women from across the United States. In a short online survey, they were asked to recall one of the dreams they had seen about any person they knew. The findings showed that people were more likely to remember and describe pleasant dreams about a person they liked, rather than a person they disliked. Meanwhile, in most cases they tended to consider an unpleasant dream as more meaningful if it was about a person they disliked.
“In other words,” said More wedge, “people attribute (归因于) meaning to dreams when it corresponds (与……一致) with their pre-existing beliefs and desires.” The researchers say that more investigation (研究) is needed to fully understand how people interpret their dreams. According to More wedge, most people realize that dreams are not predicting their future, but they still try to find some meaning in there.
1.The purpose of the studies is to _______.
A. determine when people tend to remember their dreams
B. research whether dreams have anything to do with real life
C. find out how people interpret their dreams and what impact that has
D. understand what causes people to dream and how to interpret dreams
2.According to the second experiment, what might influence people’s travel plans most?
A. Thinking about a past plane crash.
B. Dreaming about a plane crash.
C. Hearing a government’s warning of a terrorism risk.
D. Imagining a plane crashing on their planned route.
3.What can be concluded from the study?
A. When a dream conflicts with people’s existing beliefs and desires, they tend to attribute less
meaning to it.
B. Most people disagree that dreams help them better know themselves and the world.
C. A majority of people believes that dreams can predict their future and try to find their meaning.
D. Dreams can be a useful tool for learning and problem solving.
4.Which kind of dream is seen as more meaningful than the rest?
A. A pleasant dream about a person the dreamer likes.
B. A pleasant dream about a person the dreamer dislikes
C. An unpleasant dream about a person the dreamer likes.
D. An unpleasant dream about a person the dreamer dislikes.
高一英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析