The Science of Earthquakes1.The surface of th...

The Science of Earthquakes

1.

The surface of the earth is divided into different pieces. These are called tectonic plates (构造板块). When two plates suddenly slip past one another, an earthquake happens. This shakes the ground and everything on it.

What cause earthquakes and where do they happen?

2.They are inner core, outer core, mantle (地幔) and the earth’s crust (地壳). The crust and the top of the mantle make up a think skin on the surface of the planet. But this skin is not all in one piece. It is actually made up of many tectonic plate. They are like puzzle pieces. These pieces are always sliding around and bumping into each other. Sometimes their edges get stuck together. When this happens, the rest of the plate keeps moving. Eventually the edges come unstuck. 3..

Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?

Earthquakes send out waves in all directions. When they reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground. 4.The P wave squeezes and stretches the earth. The S wave shake it up and down.

5.

Scientists use special tools to record and measure earthquakes. These tools are called seismographs. Recordings from seismographs tell scientists when and where an earthquake took place. They can also tell scientists the size of an earthquake.

A. How are earthquakes recorded?

B. That is when an earthquake happens.

C. There are different types of earthquake waves.

D. What is an earthquake?

E. The earth has four main layers (层).

F. Can scientists predict earthquakes?

G. Scientists can tell where an earthquake took place by studying the P and S waves.

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Some of the heat near the surface of the earth _____  electricity.

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About ______ of the surface of the earth is covered with water.

A. three fourth　　 B. three fourths　　 C. third fourth　　 D. third fours

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Three fourths of the surface of the earth ______ covered with water.

A. are                B. is               C. will be          D. was

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.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth_________sea.

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Two ______ of the earth’s surface ______ water.

A．third; is    B．thirds; is

C．third; are    D．thirds; are

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______ of the earth’s surface ______ covered with water.

A Two-third; is      B Two-third; are      C Two-thirds; is      D Two-thirds; are

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Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. Earthquakes happen along “fault lines” in the earth’s crust. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas although they usually last less than one minute. Earthquakes cannot be predicted —— although scientists are working on it!

Most of the time, you will notice an earthquake by the gentle shaking of the ground. You may notice hanging plants swaying or objects wobbling on shelves. Sometimes you may hear a low rumbling noise or feel a sharp jolt. A survivor of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco said the sensation was like riding a bicycle down a long flight of stairs.

The intensity（强度）of an earthquake can be measured. One measurement is called the Richter scale. Earthquakes below 4.0 on the Richter scale usually do not cause damage, and earthquakes below 2.0 usually can’t be felt. Earthquakes over 5.0 on the scale can cause damage. A magnitude 6.0 earthquake is considered strong and a magnitude 7.0 is a major earthquake. The Wenchuan Earthquake, which hit Sichuan Province in 2008, was magnitude 7.8.

Earthquakes are sometimes called temblors, quakes, shakers or seismic activity. The most important thing to remember during an earthquake is to DROP, COVER and HOLD ON. So remember to DROP to the floor and get under something for COVER and HOLD ON during the shaking.

1.Which statement about earthquakes is Not correct?

A. Earthquakes are the result of the sudden shock of the earth’s surface.

B. Earthquakes usually can be felt because they can last for a long time.

C. There are usually some signs for people to notice an earthquake.

D. People can feel an earthquake over 6.0 because it is very strong.

2.According to the passage, when the earthquake happened, a survivor of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco_______.

A. was riding a bicycle                     B. was just climbing the stairs

C. heard a low rumbling noise               D. felt like riding a bicycle

3.What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Most of the time, people can not feel or predict the earthquakes.

B. Earthquakes are sometimes called temblors, quakes shakers or seismic activity.

C. The Wenchuan Earthquake, which hit Sichuan Province in 2008 caused serious damage.

D. When an earthquake happens, it is important to drop on the floor immediately.

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About 71% of the earth’s surface ______ covered with water, but 20% of the world population ______ have access to safe drinking water.

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Most earthquakes occur within the upper 15 miles of the earth’s surface, but earthquakes can and do occur at all depths to about 460 miles. Their number decreases as the depth increases. At about 460 miles one earthquake occurs only every few years. Near the surface earthquakes may run as high as 100 in a month, but the yearly average does not vary much.

The extent of the disaster in an earthquake depends on many factors. If you carefully build a toy house with an erect set (坚立架), it will still stand no matter how much you shake the table. But if you build a toy house with a pack of cards, a slight shake of the table will make it fall. An earthquake in Agadir was not strong, but it completely destroyed the city. Many stronger earthquakes have done comparatively little damage. If a building is well constructed and built on solid ground, it will resist an earthquake. Most deaths in earthquakes have been due to faulty building construction or poor building sites. A third and very serious factor is panic. When people rush out into narrow streets, more deaths will result.

There is one type of earthquake disaster that little can be done about. This is the disaster caused by seismic (地震的) sea waves, or tsunamis (海啸). These are often called tidal waves, but the name is incorrect. They had nothing to do with tides. In certain areas, earthquakes take place beneath the sea. These submarine earthquakes sometimes give rise to seismic sea waves. The waves are not noticeable out at sea because of their long wave length. But when they roll into harbors, they pile up into walls of water 6 to 60 feet high. The Japanese call them “tsunamis” meaning “harbor waves”, because they reach a sizable (相当大的) height only in harbors.

Tsunamis travel fairly slowly, at speeds up to 500 miles an hour. An earthquake warning system is in use to warn all shores likely to be reached by the waves. But this only enables people to leave the threatened shores for higher ground: There is no way to stop the oncoming wave.

1.Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage?

A．The number of earthquakes is closely related to the depth.

B．Roughly the same number of earthquakes occur each year.

C．Earthquakes are impossible at depths over 460 miles.

D．Earthquakes are most likely to occur near the surface.

2.The destruction of Agadir is an example of ________.

A．faulty building construction

B．an earthquake’s strength

C．widespread panic in earthquakes

D．ineffective instruments

3.According to the passage, the waves caused by submarine earthquakes are not noticeable out at sea because of ________.

A．their high speed

B．the wide shores

C．their silent movements

D．their long wave length

4.The significance of the slow speed of tsunamis is that people may ________.

A．help reduce fear

B．find ways to stop them

C．be warned early enough

D．develop warning systems

5.According to the passage, the number of factors that may determine the extent of the disaster in an earthquake is ________.

A．two              B．five              C．four              D．three

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