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A Johns Hopkins University researcher, Melville J. Wohlgemuth, noticed that the hats he worked with turned their heads to the side when hunting. "It's a lovely behavior, and I was curious about the purpose, " he said. "I wanted to know when bats were doing this and why. It seemed to happen as hats were targeting prey（瞄准猎物）, and that turned out to he the case."
Wohigemuth's team found that a bat's head and ear movements went with the animal's sonar vocalizations（声纳发声）to help it hunt. The findings show how movements can strengthen signals used by senses like sight and hearing-not just in bats, but in dogs and cats, and even in humans.
Bats' use of echo-location（回声定位）to find, locate and catch prey is well documented. But the lead author Wohlgemuth and his team are the first to show how the mysterious head and ear movements influence the hunt.
The researchers used a novel method to study the head and ear movements of the big brown bat, a common bat species. First, researchers trained the bat to sit on a platform while tracking moving prey. After that, the researchers fixed markers to the top of the bat's head and both ears. The markers allowed the team to measure the head and ear positions as the bat tracked the prey moving in various directions.
They found the head movements took place when the prey changed direction or moved unpredictably. The ear movements happened as the prey grew closer, which helped the bat hear the echoes it used to track and catch the prey. Most notably, these head and ear movements went with the bat's vocalizations, allowing the animal to locate where the prey exactly was.
Co-author Cynthia F. Moss said other similar studies missed the importance of head and ear movements, because laboratories usually observed the subject with a fixed head position. That's not how animals operate in the real world, when their heads are free to move.
Moss compared the bat's head and ear movements to those of other species that use active sensing to process important information. "By studying these movements, " she said, "we as humans can get insight into how movements help animals sense their environment."
1.The research of Wohlgemuth and his team is the first to prove that ___________ ·
A.head and ear movements help bats locate the prey
B.animals send signals to help them hunt more quickly
C.humans learn to hunt by copying animals' movements
D.sonar vocalizations can work for both animals and humans
2.The fourth paragraph is mainly about ___________ .
A.how the bat uses head and ear movements to track moving prey
B.how the researchers studied the head and ear movements of the bat
C.how the bat is trained to track the prey by moving its head and ears
D.how the researchers measured the moving hat's head and ear positions
3.Which is the best title for the passage?
A.Bats: A Master of Night Hunting B.Bats: A Model of Fast Movements
C.Bats: An Expert of Exact Location D.Bats: An Example of Mysterious Animals
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C
Researchers at Wake Forest University Medical Center did a research in monkeys and it could provide a clue (提示) about how the brain manages plenty of information and remembers what it needs. They found that when monkeys were taught to remember computer art pictures, their brains reduced the level of information by sorting the pictures into several kinds for recall, such as pictures that have to do with “people”，“buildings”，“flowers” and “animals”.
The brain sorting cells (细胞) were found in the hippocampus (海马体) an area of the brain that processes sensory(感官) information into memory. It’s important for remembering all things including facts, places, or people. It might lead to some memory illness.
The researchers recorded the cell activity in the hippocampus while the monkeys were performing a memory task. Each monkey was shown one art picture, and after 30 seconds, picked it up from two to six different pictures to get a juice reward.
By recording cell activity during hundreds of these tasks, the researchers noticed that certain cells were more active when the pictures had the similar information, such as pictures of people but not other objects.
The researchers found that, however, that different monkeys sort the same pictures differently. For example, with a picture of a man in a blue coat, some monkeys placed it in the “people”，while others placed it in the “coat”.
“When you need to remember people you’ve just met at a meeting, the brain probably doesn’t memorize each person’s facial expressions,” says Sam, one of the researchers, “Instead, it records important information such as their hairstyle, height, or age, all parts that we are familiar with from meeting people in general. Our research suggests how the brain might do this, which could lead ways to improve memory in human. If we can understand how the brain works when decisions are made, we can predict when the brain will make a mistake, and correct it. This finding about how much information is processed by the brain will help us achieve that goal.”
1.From Paragraph 1, we can learn that the research .
A.was done at a local hospital with monkeys by researchers
B.was about why monkeys like computer art pictures
C.divided monkeys into several kinds for recall
D.could provide a clue about how the brain manages information
2.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about hippocampus?
A.It processes sensory information into memory.
B.It’s an area of the brain with sorting cells.
C.It is impossible to cause some memory illness.
D.It’s of importance for memorizing facts, places or people.
3.According to Sam, when we need to remember people, our brain probably memorize .
A.their facial expressions B.their eyes, noses, mouths, etc
C.their manners of speaking D.their hairstyle, height or age
4.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Different monkeys sort the same art pictures differently.
B.Cells were more active when the pictures had the similar information.
C.New findings on memory will help human know more about brain.
D.Monkeys were performing a memory task to get a juice reward.
5.The passage is most probably taken from .
A.a news report B.a science magazine C.a science fiction D.an education book
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Why do some people seem to be naturally happier than others?
Researchers from the University of Edinburgh have known the answer according to their recent study. Nine hundred twins took part in the study and had their happiness levels measured. The result shows that our genes(基因), in fact, control half of the personality traits(特点) that make us happy. And the other half is linked with lifestyles, careers and relationships. That is to say, individual differences in happiness are based on genetic differences between people.
"All human beings naturally desire happiness. We have found that happiness is partly rooted in genes," said Dr Alexander Weiss, the leader of the research. "This study is both a milestone and a new beginning: A milestone because we are now sure that there is a genetic side of happiness and a new beginning because the happy genes have just been found."
However, the researchers warn that genes are not the whole story. The environment can also affect oar happiness levels. In fact, a great deal of our happiness is directly connected with whatever is happening in our lives. Thus finding the right matters affecting us is the correct thing.
To become truly happy, we need to understand our important needs perfectly for if we fail to satisfy our needs, then unhappiness might happen. Besides, doing simple things, such as keeping a journal and writing down three things that we are thankful for every day, can increase our long-term happiness. Will you try it tonight?
1.What plays the most important role in making us happy?
________________________________________________________
2.What tip will you give to the people who are easily unhappy?
_________________________________________________________
3.Some people think wealth seems to bring all happiness in life. Do you agree with this point of view? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________
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A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don't start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students aren't used to the early hour.
"Maybe these kids are being asked to rise at the wrong time for their bodies," says Mary Carskadon, a professor looking at problem of adolescent (青春期的) sleep at Brown's School of Medicine.
Carskadon is trying to understand more about the effects of early school time in adolescents. And, at a more basic level, she and her team are trying to learn more about how the biological changes of adolescence affect sleep needs and patterns.
Carskadon says her work suggests that adolescents may need more sleep than they did at childhood, no less, as commonly thought.
Sleep patters change during adolescence, as any parent of an adolescent can prove. Most adolescents prefer to stay up later at nigh and sleep later in the morning. But it's not just a matter of choice — their bodies are going through a change of sleep patters.
All of this makes the transfer from middle school to high school — which may start one hour earlier in the morning — all the more difficult, Carskadon says. With their increased need for sleep and their biological clocks set on the "sleep late, rise late" pattern, adolescent are up against difficulties when it comes to trying to be up by 5 or 6 a.m. for a 7:30 a.m. first bell. A short sleep on a desktop may be their body's way of saying. "I need a timeout."
1.Carskadon suggests that high schools should not start classes so early in the morning because ________.
A. it is really tough for parents to enforce bedtime
B. it is biologically difficult for students to rise early
C. students work so late at night that they can't get up early
D. students are so lazy that they don't like to go to school early
2.The underlined phrase "nod off" most probably means " ________".
A. turn around B. agree with others C. fall asleep D. refuse to work
3.What might be a reason for the hard transfer middle school to high school?
A. Adolescents depend more on their parents.
B. Adolescents have to choose their sleep patterns.
C. Adolescents sleep better than they did at childhood.
D. Adolescents need more sleep than they used to.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A. Adolescent heath care.
B. Problems in adolescent learning.
C. Adolescent sleep difficulties.
D. Changes in adolescent sleep needs and patterns.
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A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don’t start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce(确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically(生物学上) these sleepyhead(瞌睡虫)students aren’t used to the early hour.
“Maybe these kids are being asked to rise at the wrong time for their bodies,” says Mary Carskadon, a professor looking at problem of adolescent (青春期的)sleep at Brown’s School of Medicine.
Carskadon is trying to understand more about the effects of early school time in adolescents. And, at a more basic level, she and her team are trying to learn more about how the biological changes of adolescence a
ffect sleep needs and patterns(方式).
Carskadon says her work suggests that adolescents may need more sleep than they did at childhood, no less, as commonly thought.
Sleep patterns change durin
g adolescence, as any parent of an adolescent can prove. Most adolescents prefer to stay up later at night and sleep later in the morning. But it’s not just a matter of choice---their bodies are going through a change of sleep patterns.
All of this makes the transfer(迁移)from middle school to high school---which may start one hour earlier in the morning—all the more difficult, Carskadon says. With their increased need for sleep and their biological clocks set on the “sleep late, rise late” pattern, adolescents are up against difficulties when they try to be up by 5 or 6 a.m. for a 7:30 a.m. first bell. A short sleep on a desktop may be their body’s way of saying. “I need a timeout.”
1.Carskadon suggests that high schools should not start classes so early in the morning because
_______.
A. it is really tough for parents to enforce bedtime
B. it is biologically difficult for students to rise early
C. students work so late at night that they can’t get up early
D. students are so lazy that they don’t like to go to school early
2.The underlined phrase nod off most probably means _______.
A. turn around B. agree with others C. fall asleep D. refuse to work
3.What might be a reason for the hard transfer from middle school to high school?
A. Adolescents depend more on their parents.
B. Adolescents have to choose their sleep patterns.
C. Adolescents sleep better than they did at childhood.
D. Adolescents need more sleep than they used to.
4.What is the passage mainly about?
A. Adolescent health care.
B. Problems in adolescent learning.
C. Adolescent sleep difficulties.
D. Changes in adolescent sleep needs and patterns.
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A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don’t start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce(确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically(生物学上)these sleepyhead(贪睡者)students aren’t used to the early hour.
“Maybe these kids are being asked to rise at the wrong time for their bodies,” says Mary Carskadon, a professor looking at problem of adolescent (青春期的)sleep at Brown’s School of Medicine.
Carskadon is trying to understand more about the effects of early school time in adolescents. And, at a more basic level, she and her team are trying to learn more about how the biological changes of adolescence affect sleep needs and patterns(方式).
Carskadon says her work suggests that adolescents may need more sleep than they did at childhood, no less, as commonly thought.
Sleep patterns change during adolescence, as any parent of an adolescent can prove. Most adolescents prefer to stay up later at night and sleep later in the morning. But it’s not just a matter of choice---their bodies are going through a change of sleep patterns.
All of this makes the transfer(迁移)from middle school to high school---which may start one hour earlier in the morning----all the more difficult, Carskadon says. With their increased need for sleep and their biological clocks set on the “sleep late, rise late” pattern, adolescents are up against difficulties when they try to be up by 5 or 6 a.m. for a 7:30 a.m. first bell. A short sleep on a desktop may be their body’s way of saying. “I need a timeout.”
1.Carskadon suggests that high schools should not start classes so early in the morning because _______.
A．it is really tough for parents to enforce bedtime
B．it is biologically difficult for students to rise early
C．students work so late at night that they can’t get up early
D．students are so lazy that they don’t like to go to school early
2.The underlined phrase nod off most probably means _______.
A．turn around B．agree with others C．fall asleep D．refuse to work
3.What might be a reason for the hard transfer from middle school to high school?
A．Adolescents depend more on their parents.
B．Adolescents have to choose their sleep patterns.
C．Adolescents sleep better than they did at childhood.
D．Adolescents need more sleep than they used to.
4.What is the test mainly about?
A．Adolescent health care.
B．Problems in adolescent learning.
C．Adolescent sleep difficulties.
D．Changes in adolescent sleep needs and patterns.
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___1.______ A new study by researchers at the University of Wales Institute has some interesting results.
The study from the University of Wales Institute examined the ability of 25 people aged 18-30. __2._____ In one task they had to remember a list of eight letters, which were dictated to them.
Participants（参与者）in the study were tested under three different conditions: in a quiet environment, while listening to music they liked, and while listening to music they didn’t like.___ 3._____ The background music seemed to make memorization more difficult. However, scientists also found that listening to music before doing the tests seemed to help concentration.
“Despite (尽管) describing their self-selected music as more pleasant, their performance was poor, just as it was when they listen to music they disliked,” explained one of the researchers. ____4._____
Another study seemed to further contradict (反驳) the idea that music could help with concentration. As a part of this research, university students were asked about their study habits. _____5.____ And those who do listen to music prefer the instrumental songs.
So, if you are studying for an exam, turn off your iPad!
根据材料内容， 将A—E五个句子填入文中空缺处， 使短文内容完整、正确，并将其标号填写在下面题后的横线上。
A. So, even if you’re listening to music you like, it’ll still influence your work.
B. The participants generally did better whey they were working in silence.
C. They were asked to remember information while listening to various sounds.
D. The researchers found that the majority of students prefer to work without music.
E. Can music help you concentrate at work?
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“Whose bike is it ?” “It’s ____________”
| A．John | B．John’s | C．Johns’ | D．Johns |
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根据短文内容回答问题。
Dear students，
The following rules are for living and working in St. Johns School. Please read them carefully.
◆Stand up when a teacher or a visitor comes into your classroom.
◆You must be in a classroom or other study places during lesson time.
◆Arrive on time for the start of each lesson with the things you need so that you are ready to start work.
◆Wear smart, clean clothing. Hair must be clean and tidy. Extreme colors and styles are not allowed. Long hair must be tied back neatly.
◆Do not leave the school if you have not been given permission.
◆Food and drinks must not be taken out of the dining room.
◆All medicines must be given by the school doctors.
◆Radios and personal computers may only be used in dormitories (宿舍) where the house rules allow. They are not allowed in classes or in the library.
St. Johns School
1.Can students go out of the school on Wednesday？(不超过3个单词)
___________________________________________
2.Why are the students told to have the things they need for class？(不超过8个单词)
___________________________________________
3.Where must the students have their meals？(不超过10个单词)
___________________________________________
4.Where can students use their personal computers？(不超过10个单词)
___________________________________________
5.Who can give out medicines to the students？(不超过10个单词)
___________________________________________
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| 
Aristotle for Everybody | Author: Mortimer J. Adler Price: $ 10.45 Language: English Main abstract(简介): The book tells us differences between wants and needs, and helps us find a proper way to be happy and make the right plan for a good life. |
| 
Afanti Comic | Author: Huiyi Sima Price: $ 8.06 Language: Chinese Main abstract: The short stories in this book are lively. It’s good for readers aged 10 to 16, and it is also funny enough to make all age groups laugh. |
| 
The Wise Woman | Author: George Macdonald Price: $ 5.39 Language: English Main abstract: This story describes how two young girls — one is a princess, and the other is a shepherd’s daughter — choose between good and evil. |
| 
Aesop’s Fables | Author: Aesop Price: $ 2.70 Language: English Main abstract: Aesop’s short stories have been around for over 2,500 years. Each story teaches readers a useful lesson. The drawings are well done, but the words and the grammar are a little difficult for young children. |
根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
1.What’s the price of The Wise Woman?
A. $ 10.45 B. $ 8.06 C. $ 5.39 D. $ 2.70
2.Who is the writer of Afanti Comic?
A. Huiyi Sima. B. Mortimer J. Adler. C. George Macdonald. D. Aesop.
3.What does Aristotle for Everybody tell us?
A. The way to succeed. B. A lot of funny stories.
C. How to live a happy life. D. What is good and what is bad.
4.Which book is good for a 13-year-old boy who is learning Chinese?
A. Aristotle for Everybody. B. Afanti Comic.
C. The Wise Woman. D. Aesop’s Fables.
5.Which of the following is TRUE?
A. There are short stories in Aristotle for Everybody.
B. There are lots of drawings in Afanti Comic.
C. One character in The Wise Woman is a queen.
D. The grammar in Aesop’s Fables is a bit difficult.
ffect sleep needs and patterns(方式).
g adolescence, as any parent of an adolescent can prove. Most adolescents prefer to stay up later at night and sleep later in the morning. But it’s not just a matter of choice---their bodies are going through a change of sleep patterns.