The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational (理性的) model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to carry out the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers(战术动作), these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition(直觉) to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness(变化无常).
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First,they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to combine isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally alert of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is tightly tied to action in thinking-acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate (发起) a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking-acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
1.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?
A. An claim is made and a specific supporting example is given.
B. A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
C. The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
D. Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
2.Which of the following does the passage suggest about the writers on management mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
B. They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
C. They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
D. They have drawn their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
3.According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to .
A. define clear goals
B. identify a problem
C. bring together diverse facts
D. speed up the creation of a solution to a problem
4.Which of the following statements does the passage support?
A. Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions
B. Managers' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
C. Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
D. Managers relying on intuition are more successful than those relying on formal decision analysis.
高三英语阅读理解困难题
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational (理性的) model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to carry out the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers(战术动作), these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition(直觉) to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness(变化无常).
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First,they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to combine isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally alert of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is tightly tied to action in thinking-acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate (发起) a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking-acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
1.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?
A. An claim is made and a specific supporting example is given.
B. A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
C. The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
D. Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
2.Which of the following does the passage suggest about the writers on management mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
B. They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
C. They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
D. They have drawn their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
3.According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to .
A. define clear goals
B. identify a problem
C. bring together diverse facts
D. speed up the creation of a solution to a problem
4.Which of the following statements does the passage support?
A. Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions
B. Managers' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
C. Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
D. Managers relying on intuition are more successful than those relying on formal decision analysis.
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
--- Do you mind if I close the window?
--- ______. It’s so hot in here.
A. Better not B. Of course not C. Do please D. You bet
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Many of life’s failures are experienced by people who did not realize how close they were to success ______ they gave up.
A.once B.while C.when D.unless
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to participate in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to showcase the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I.Requirements for Volunteers
● Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
● Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30,
1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before
April 30, 1994;
● Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
● Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010 on May 1st;
● Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position, one foreign language at least;
● Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
● Have previous experience of voluntary work.
II.Further Information for Volunteers
● Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
● Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup.They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
● Time
May 1 - December 31, 2009
Ⅲ.Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training.General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV.Volunteer Types
● Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation(口译), assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and.volunteer management.
● Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site.They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
1.According to the volunteer brochure, which of the following suits the position of Expo Site?
A.Li Hua, a retired Spanish teacher, still recovering from her leg operation.
B.Wang Ming, 19, a former voluntary interpreter of the United Nations.
C.Li Jing, a middle-aged researcher, who is to finish his field work at the end of April.
D.Hong Wei, 17, winner of an English speaking competition, looking for his first voluntary work.
2.Which of the training will be done on the Internet?
A.Position training. B.General training.
C.Classroom training. D.Special training.
3.Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?
A.Visitor flow management. B.Helping the disabled
C.Assistance in media service. D.Emergency first aid.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to participate in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to showcase the image of the host country and city.The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I.Basic Requirements for Volunteers
Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
II.Further Information for Volunteers
Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup.They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
Time
May 1 – December 31, 2009
III.Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training.General training is carried out through the Internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV.Volunteer Types
Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and volunteer management.
Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo’s information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site.They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
1.What’s the purpose of this writing?
A.To give some basic information of the World Expo 2010
B.To recruit(招募) the volunteers for the World Expo 2010
C.To praise the hard work of the volunteers
D.To attract people to visit the World Expo 2010
2.If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer?
A.In the Expo Site. B.In the host country.
C.In the Expo City. D.In Chinese mainland.
3.Which of the training will be done on the Internet?
A.General training. B.Position training.
C.Classroom training. D.Special training.
4.Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?
A.Visitor flow management. B.Helping the disabled.
C.Assistance in media service. D.Emergency first aid.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to participate in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to showcase the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I.Basic Requirements for Volunteers
● Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
● Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
● Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
● Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
● Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
● Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
II.Further Information for Volunteers
● Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
● Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup.They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
● Time
May 1 - December 31, 2009
Ⅲ.Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training.General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV.Volunteer Types
● Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and.volunteer management.
● Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site.They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
1.If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer?
A.In the Expo City. B.In the host country
C.In the Expo Site. D.In Chinese mainland
2.Which of the training will be done on the Internet?
A.Position training. B.General training
C.Classroom training. D.Special training
3.Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?
A.Visitor flow management. B.Helping the disabled
C.Assistance in media service. D.Emergency First aid
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to participate in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to showcase the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I. Basic Requirements for Volunteers
l Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
l Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
l Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
l Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
l Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
l Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
II. Further Information for Volunteers
l Source
l Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
l Signup methods
l Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup. They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
l Time
l May 1 – December 31, 2009
III. Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training. General training is carried out through the Internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV. Volunteer Types
l Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and volunteer management.
l Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo’s information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site. They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
1.What’s the purpose of this writing?
A. To give some basic information of the World Expo 2010
B. To recruit(招募) the volunteers for the World Expo 2010
C. To praise the hard work of the volunteers
D. To attract people to visit the World Expo 2010
2.If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer?
A. In the Expo Site. B. In the host country.
C. In the Expo City. D. In Chinese mainland.
3.Which of the training will be done on the Internet?
A. General training. B. Position training.
C. Classroom training. D. Special training.
4.Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?
A. Visitor flow management. B. Helping the disabled.
C. Assistance in media service. D. Emergency first aid.
高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to participate in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to showcase the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I.Basic Requirements for Volunteers
● Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
● Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
● Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
● Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
● Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
● Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
II.Further Information for Volunteers
● Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
● Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup.They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
● Time
May 1 - December 31, 2009
Ⅲ.Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training.General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV.Volunteer Types
● Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and.volunteer management.
● Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site.They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
1.If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer?
A.In the Expo City. B.In the host country.
C.In the Expo Site. D.In Chinese mainland
2.Which of the training will be done on the Internet?
A.Position training. B.General training.
C.Classroom training. D.Special training.
3.Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?
A.Assistance in media service. B.Helping the disabled
C.Emergency First aid. D.Visitor flow management.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to join in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to show the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I.Basic Requirements for Volunteers
● Be willing to join in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
● Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary
Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
● Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
● Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
● Have necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
● Be in good health to meet the requirements of voluntary positions.
II.Further Information for Volunteers
● Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
● Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup.They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
● Time
May 1 - December 31, 2009
III.Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training.General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV.Volunteer Types
● Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and volunteer management.
● Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site.They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
1.If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer
A.In the Expo City. B.In the host country.
C.In the Expo Site. D.In Chinese mainland
2.Which of the training will be done on the Internet
A.Position training. B.General training.
C.Classroom training. D.Special training.
3.Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?
A.Visitor flow management. B.Helping the disabled
C.Assistance in media service. D.Emergency First aid.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to participate in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to showcase the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I. Basic Requirements for Volunteers
● Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
● Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30;
1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before
April 30, 1994;
● Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
● Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
● Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
● Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
II. Further Information for Volunteers
● Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
● Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup. They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
● Time
May 1–December 31, 2009
III. Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training. General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV. Volunteer Types
● Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and volunteer management.
● Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site. They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
1.If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer?
A. In the Expo City. B. In the host country.
C. In the Expo Site. D. In Chinese mainland.
2.Which of the training will be done on the Internet?
A. Position training. B. General training.
C. Classroom training. D. Special training.
3.Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?
A. Visitor flow management. B. Helping the disabled.
C. Assistance in media service. D. Emergency First aid.
4.Which of the following is not suitable for being a volunteer of Expo 2010?
A. Being own good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
B. Following the laws and regulations of the PRC.
C. Being able to join in training and relevant activities after the opening of Expo 2010.
D. Owning necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析