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As a recent research shows that the more teenagers watch television, the more likely they are to develop depression（抑郁症）as young adults.
The researchers used a nationwide long-term survey of adolescent（青少年的） healthy to investigate（调查）the relationship between media use and depression. They based their findings on more than four thousand adolescents who were not depressed when the survey began in 2000.
As part of the survey, the young people were asked how many hours of television or videos they watched daily. They were also asked how often they played computer games and listened to the radio. Media use totaled an average of five and one-half hours a
day. More than two hours of that was spent watching TV.
Seven years later, in 2007, more than seven percent of the young people had signs of depression. The average age at that time was twenty one.
The researchers say they did not find any such relationship with the use of other media such as movies, video games or radio etc. But the study did find that every extra hour of television meant an eight percent increase in the chances of developing signs of depression. Young men were more likely than young women to develop depression given the same amount of media use.
The study didn’t explore if watching TV causes depression. But one possibility is that it was taking time away from activities that could help prevent depression.
Last December, the journal Social Indicators Research published a study of activities that help lead to happy lives. Sociologists from the University of Maryland found that people who describe themselves as happy spend less time watching television than unhappy people. The study found that happy people are more likely to be socially active, to read, attend religious services and to vote.
1.What is the best title of this passage?
A. Media Use is Harmful to Adolescents
B. Men Develop Depression Easier than Women
C. Teens, Television and Depression
D. Take Great care of Teenager’s depression
2.The result of the research seems to indicate .
A. teenagers are more likely to develop depression than adults
B. other media uses do no harm to adolescents
C. those who watch no TV will not develop depression
D. TV probably causes teenagers to grow up with depression
3.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. longer use of media other than TV doesn’t increase the chance of depression
B. every extra hour of media use increases the chance of depression
C. depression is related to the use of other media other than TV
D. the influence of movies, video games and radio on depression varies
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A study shows that the more teenagers watch actors smoking in films, the more likely they are ________ the habit of smoking.
A. to get into B. getting into
C. got into D. to getting into
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双向翻译
The target audience is high-school teenagers. 1. 我们的目标是劝阻年轻人不要吸烟。Our research shows that young people care about their health and future. 2. We will educate them about the bad physical effects of smoking and how smoking affects those people around them. 3.我们将解释不吸烟的所有好处, such as saving money which can then be spent on other things. Our interviews also indicate that young people are concerned about what is cool and what their friends like. 4. We will show how smoking is not cool or attractive, because it makes people smell terrible, and gives them bad teeth, skin and fingernails. If we can convince young people not to start, 5. they might then urge their parents and other people to give up smoking, too.
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A new study suggests that the more teenagers watch television, the more likely they are to develop depression(情绪低落) as young adults.
The researchers used a national long-term survey of adolescent(青少年的)health to survey the relationship between media use and depression. They based their findings on more than 4,000 adolescents who were not depressed when the survey began in the year 2000.
As part of the survey, the young people were asked how many hours of television or videos they watched daily. They were also asked how often they played computer games and listened to the radio. Media use totaled an average of five and one-half hours a day. More than two hours of that was spent watching TV.
Seven years later, in 2007, more than seven percent of the young people had signs of depression. The average age at that time was twenty-one.
The researchers say they did not find any such relationship with the use of other media such as movies, video games or radio, etc. But the study did find that every extra hour of television meant an eight percent increase in the chances of developing signs of depression. Young men were more likely than young women to develop depression given the same amount of media use.
The study didn’t explore if watching TV causes depression. But one possibility is that it was taking time away from activities that could help prevent depression.
Last December, the journal Social Indicators Research published a study of activities that help lead to happy lives. Sociologists from the University of Maryland found that people who describe themselves as happy spend less time watching television than unhappy people. The study found that happy people are more likely to be socially active, to read, to attend religious services and to vote.
1.We can learn from the survey that of all the media use ___________________.
A. computer games are teenagers’ favorite
B. most teenagers prefer to listen to the radio
C. teenagers enjoy watching TV very much
D. newspaper is not included in the survey
2.According to the passage, what kind of activity may help prevent depression?
A. Taking part in sports. B. Playing computer games.
C. Listening to the radio. D. Watching movies.
3.We can conclude that a teenager should ____________.
A. play more video games instead of watching TV
B. attend religious services and care for politics
C. be more active in reading and studying
D. be active in taking part in outdoor activities
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Researches show that the taller you are, the more _______ you are to suffer back pain.
A. likely B. possible C. perhaps D. probable
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The research results show that the earth goes a little faster ______it is closer to the sun.
A．as though B．so that C．than D．when
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New research shows how kids’ brains reorganize as they learn math.
All the time you spent memorizing multiplication tables(乘法表)may have made you a better mathematician, according to a new study. A team of scientists from Stanford University, in California, have shown how the brain reorganizes itself as kids learn math.
After a certain amount of time spent practicing math, kids can put away the calculator(计算器). They don’t even need to count on their fingers. They simply know the answers to subtraction(减法), addition, and multiplication facts. The quicker kids can recall basic math facts, the easier it is for them to solve more complicated math problems.
The Stanford University researchers observed the brain activity of 28 students aged 7to 9 for the study. They took scans of the students’ brains as the students solved math calculations without the help of a calculator, pen or paper. A calculation—three plus four equals seven, for example—flashed on a screen. The students pushed a button to say if the answer was right or wrong. The scientists also recorded the response speed, and what parts of the brain became active as the kids pushed the button.
These observations showed a process called fact retrieval(事实检索). Rather than using their fingers to count, or writing out answers on a piece of paper, the students pulled the answers from memory. It’s as if the answers to basic math problems are kept in a long-term storage area in the brain, which was built from repetition. “Experience really does matter,” said Dr. Kathy Mann Koepeke.
Children make the shift(转换)from counting to fact retrieval when they are 8 to 9 years old, the study shows. This is the time when most students are learning basic addition and subtraction. When kids have basic math facts memorized, the brain has more free space to learn more complicated math.
This process has benefits for the future. The study shows as kids grow older, their answers rely more on memory and become quicker and more accurate. Less brain activity is devoted to counting. Some children make this shift quicker than others.
1.What did the researchers do when students worked out the given problems?
A. They recorded the students’ brain activities.
B. They pushed a button linked to the students.
C. They noticed whether they used a calculator.
D. They found out who responded most quickly.
2. Fact retrieval is a process when the students________.
A. calculate answers using pens
B. use their fingers to count out
C. repeat the answers they remember
D. find the answers from their memory
3.What plays a key role in solving a math problem?
A. Intelligence B. Experience
C. Learning method D. Constant practice
4.What happens to kids when they are 8 to 9 years old?
A. Their brains are more active than before.
B. They depend on fact retrieval for answers.
C. They become more interested in learning math.
D. They work out complicated problems more quickly.
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The possibility that pleasant smells might reduce pain has recently been suggested by new research. In a scientific study, doctors asked 20 men and 20 women to keep their hands in very hot water for as long as possible while breathing in different smells.
As people believe that strong smells can affect the senses, volunteers were asked not to eat or drink for eight hours before the experiment began. During the experiment, volunteers were asked to take in pleasant smells such as vanilla (香草), and unpleasant smells such as durians (榴莲). The volunteers kept their hands in the water until it became too hot for them. When they could not bear the pain any more, they took their hands out of the water.
Scientists are interested in whether the senses or smell is related to pain and whether men and women have the same senses. Now, the study has proved that for women, pleasant smells reduce pain. For men, there is no change.
Dr Finkelstein has been studying smells since 1999. He says that scientists already have data from 40 volunteers. He adds that this year, scientists will test another 60 volunteers and will be in a better position to explain the results.
One explanation is that women’s sense of smell developed long ago, and is linked to recognizing the smell of babies. Scientists used to believe that mothers recognized their children by sight only. Now, they have started to believe that the sense of smell also helps, but why pleasant smells do not reduce pain in men is a question still to be answered by scientists.
1.Before the experiment, volunteers ______.
A．are gathered and take a training
B．cannot eat or drink for several hours
C．must wash their hands carefully
D．will be interviewed by Dr Finkelstein
2.If both men and women are asked to keep their hands in hot water while taking in some pleasant smells, ______.
A．women may stand the pain of the hot water longer
B．men may keep their hands in the hot water longer
C．they will probably take their hands out at the same time
D．we are not quite sure who will take their hands out earlier
3.From the passage we learn that _________.
A．the reason why women are sensitive to smells is clear
B．the experiment for the sense of smell has come to an end
C．unpleasant smells affect men’s senses more than women’s
D．scientists have not totally explained the result of the study
4.Now scientists believe that _______.
A．mothers recognize their children only by sight
B．men’s sense of smell developed a long time ago
C．strong smells have a great influence on people’s senses
D．smells are helpful for mothers to spot their children
5.The writer wrote the passage in order to ________.
A．supply some entertainment to us
B．show women’s sharper senses than men’s
C．inform the readers of some knowledge
D．call for volunteers for the experiment
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When the recent research was analyzed（分析）, it was found that a lot of people wanted free pictures or free music from the Web. If it couldn’t be free, then they wanted it “new” or at least at a low price. It seems that 70 percent of people aged 16 to 24 download music online but only 1 in 40 tracks are bought legally.
Thus, some companies are planning to give all of their music away for free. The music will be totally free except that you will have to pay with your time by watching advertisements. This will be perfect for those who have lots of time but little money.
The Web has encouraged a belief that things can be free, or at least very cheap. It seems that everyone is looking for a good deal on the Web. The desire for free objects is part of the nature of the Web because the Web is about self-service and self-service is all about being free, cheap, fast and convenient. It’s interesting how words change their meaning. Stealing has now become file sharing, but it’s not really stealing, is it?
Free is a funny word. We all know that very little is really for free. If we go searching on the Web for free music, we know—or should know—that there are risks involved. However, it doesn’t matter. We still want free things, or at least the sense that we’re getting a real bargain and that at a minimum we’re saving time.
What can be the worst experience on the Web? A site that charges us high prices and wastes our time.
1.What is the best title for the text?
A. The Nature of the Web B. The Web and the Culture of “ Free”
C. Stealing and File Sharing D. What Does the Word “ Free” Mean?
2.Why do some companies “ sell” their music for free?
A. Their music is not popular and is out of date.
B. Most people have lots of time but little money.
C. Their music can’t be sold new or for a low price.
D. They can earn money from the advertisements added in the music.
3.Which of the following can best describe the belief of the Web?
A. Risky behaviour B. Stealing C. File sharing D. For fun.
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Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
1.We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.
A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
2.According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A.ways of making choices B.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishments D.responses to suggestions
3.The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks
day. More than two hours of that was spent watching TV.