Researchers who use animals in psychological experiments must make every effort to minimize (最小化) discomfort, illness, and pain. And procedures that cause animals great suffering are permitted only when no other procedure is available. Moreover, there are federal regulations stating how animals art to be housed, fed. and preserved. Not only must researches try very hard to avoid causing physical discomfort, they are also required to promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals, such as monkeys.
Why should animals be used for research in the first place? Is it really possible to learn about human behavior from the results of research employing rats and pigeons? The answer is that psychological research that does employ animals has a different focus and is designed to answer different questions than research that uses humans. For example, the shorter life span of animals (rats live an average of two years) allows researchers to learn about the effects of aging in a much smaller period than they could by using human participants. Moreover, some principles of behavior are similar across species, and so some basic behavioral phenomena can be studied more simply in animals. Finally, some studies require large numbers of participants that share similar backgrounds or have been exposed to particular environments—conditions that could not practically be met with human beings.
Research using animals has provided psychologists with information that has greatly benefited humans. For example, it provided the keys to noticing eye disorders in children early enough to prevent permanent damage
Despite the value of research with animal participants, the use of animals in psychological research is highly controversial. For example, some critics believe that animals have rights no less significant than those of humans, and that because animals are unable to agree to participation in studies, their use is not moral. Others object to the use of animals on methodological (方法论的) grounds, saying it is impossible to generalize from finding on nonhuman species to humans.
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高三英语书面表达困难题
Researchers who use animals in psychological experiments must make every effort to minimize (最小化) discomfort, illness, and pain. And procedures that cause animals great suffering are permitted only when no other procedure is available. Moreover, there are federal regulations stating how animals art to be housed, fed. and preserved. Not only must researches try very hard to avoid causing physical discomfort, they are also required to promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals, such as monkeys.
Why should animals be used for research in the first place? Is it really possible to learn about human behavior from the results of research employing rats and pigeons? The answer is that psychological research that does employ animals has a different focus and is designed to answer different questions than research that uses humans. For example, the shorter life span of animals (rats live an average of two years) allows researchers to learn about the effects of aging in a much smaller period than they could by using human participants. Moreover, some principles of behavior are similar across species, and so some basic behavioral phenomena can be studied more simply in animals. Finally, some studies require large numbers of participants that share similar backgrounds or have been exposed to particular environments—conditions that could not practically be met with human beings.
Research using animals has provided psychologists with information that has greatly benefited humans. For example, it provided the keys to noticing eye disorders in children early enough to prevent permanent damage
Despite the value of research with animal participants, the use of animals in psychological research is highly controversial. For example, some critics believe that animals have rights no less significant than those of humans, and that because animals are unable to agree to participation in studies, their use is not moral. Others object to the use of animals on methodological (方法论的) grounds, saying it is impossible to generalize from finding on nonhuman species to humans.
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高三英语书面表达困难题查看答案及解析
Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stressrelated disorders.
Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fightorflight” reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”), and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”)．
Scientists have long known that in the fightorflight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones (激素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tendorbefriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious.” While men also secrete (分泌) oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stressrelated disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tendandbefriend regulatory (调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
1.The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to ________.
A. turn to friends for help
B. solve a conflict calmly
C. find an escape from reality
D. seek comfort from children
2.Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
3.What can be learned from the passage?
A. Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. How men and women get over stress
B. How men and women suffer from stress
C. How researchers overcome stress problems
D. How researchers handle stressrelated disorders
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress.This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress related disorders.
Until now，psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fightorflight” reaction to stress.In other words，individuals either react with aggressive behavior，such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”)，or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”)．However，the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress.While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response，women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is，they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”)，and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”)．
Scientists have long known that in the fightorflight reaction to stress，an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body.The UCLA research team suggests that the female tendorbefriend response is also based on a hormone.This hormone，called oxytocin，has been studied in the context of childbirth，but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress.The principal investigator，Dr.Shelley E．Taylor，explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer，more relaxed，more social，and less anxious.” While men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin，its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior，the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed.They may phone relatives or friends，or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work.The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet.For a typical mother，coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stressrelated disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior.The tendandbefriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress，and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
1.The UCLA study shows that in response to stress，men are more likely than women to ______.
A．turn to friends for help
B．solve a conflict calmly
C．find an escape from reality
D．seek comfort from children
2.Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A．Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B．Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C．Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D．Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
3.What can be learned from the passage?
A．Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B．In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C．Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D．The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．How men and women get over stress
B．How men and women suffer from stress
C．How researchers overcome stress problems
D．How researchers handle stress related disorders
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.
Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same "fight-or-flight" reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict ("fight"), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight"). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called "tend and befriend." That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young ("tend"), and by looking for social contact and support from others - especially other females ('befriend").
Scientists have long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that "animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious." While men also secrete(分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
1.The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to _____ .
A. turn to friends for help B. solve a conflict calmly
C. find an escape from reality D. seek comfort from children
2.Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
3.What can be learned from the passage?
A. Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. How men and women get over stress
B. How men and women suffer from stress
C. How researchers overcome stress problems
D. How researchers handle stress-related disorders
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Researchers are now conducting hibernation experiment and can use chemicals to put living cells into sleep-like state_____ they don’t age.
A. for which B. that C. where D. which
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
A few years ago, in one experiment in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal dislike of the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer “teacher-subject” that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ ability to learn.
The teacher-subjects were placed before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from “15 volts of electricity (slight shock)” to “450 volts (danger — severe shock)” in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered. The supposed “pupil” was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to pretend to receive the shocks by giving out cries and screams. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for.
As the experiment unfolded, the “pupil” would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to carry on with the experiment and that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion(反感) against the rules and conditions of the experiment.
Before carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was that basically all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. The psychiatrists felt that “most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts” and only a small percentage of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.
What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possibly account for this result?
One might firstly argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct(本能) that was activated by the experiment. A modem sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct was of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, finally finding its way into our genetic make-up.
Another explanation is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social context in which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself pointed out, “Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is good and useful to society — the pursuit of scientific troth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy(合法性) and gains trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation(单独看来) appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting”.
Here we have two different explanations. The problem for us is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more reasonable. This is the problem of modern sociobiology — to discover how hard-wired genetic programming decides the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with explaining the biological basis of all behaviour.
1.Why did Milgram do the experiment?
A. To discover people’s willingness for orders from leaders.
B. To display the power of punishment on ability to learn.
C. To test people’s willingness to sacrifice for science.
D. To explore the biological basis of social behavior.
2.Which of the following is right about the experiment?
A. The actor’s performance was vital to its success.
B. Its subjects were informed of its real purpose beforehand.
C. The electrical shock made the “pupil” give more wrong answers.
D. Its subjects were convinced of the effects of punishment on ability to learn.
3.What does the underlined phrase “balked at” most probably mean?
A. commented on B. hesitated in
C. got rid of D. looked down upon
4.Before the experiment took place the psychiatrists _________ .
A. believed that a shock of 150 volts was unbearable
B. failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to instructions
C. under-predicted the teacher-subjects’ willingness to follow experimental procedure
D. thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450 volts
5.Which of the following is mentioned as one possible factor that explains the teacher-subjects’ behaviour?
A. Economic factor. B. Biological factor.
C. Cultural factor. D. Historical factor.
6.What’s the author’s purpose with this article?
A. To introduce a problem sociobiology deals with.
B. To explain a scientific phenomenon.
C. To report an experiment that focuses on education.
D. To argue against a scientific view.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
A scientist _______ several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a glass bottle, _______ its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook it _______ for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they _______ fell out. The scientist then put some peanuts into the bottle again _______ he had done before and showed the monkey that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. _______ the monkey always ignored his _______. Each time it just shook the bottle frantically, with great _______ but without necessarily achieving _______ result.
Now the question is why the monkey was unable to understand ________ the scientist instructs. ________ because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes off the peanuts and quickly ________ its attention to the ________ movement of the scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and not be ________ by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkey’s some psychology is just like ________ of human beings.
1.A.kept B.rose C.fed D.caught
2.A.moving B.removed C.discovered D.covered
3.A.happily B.anxiously C.hurriedly D.instantly
4.A.suddenly B.accidentally C.occasionally D.quickly
5.A.as B.that C.what D.until
6.A.But B.When C.Therefore D.Thus
7.A.directions B.explanations C.performances D.instructions
8.A.effort B.strength C.power D.force
9.A.expecting B.interesting C.satisfying D.desired
10.A.what B.how C.why D.which
11.A.Probably B.Likely C.Simply D.Nearly
12.A.put B.send C.pay D.shift
13.A.gesture B.mouth C.hand D.eye
14.A.taken away B.taken off C.taken over D.taken on
15.A.that B.the C.those D.this
高三英语完形填空困难题查看答案及解析
Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well-being（安康）, according to research at Carnegie Mellon University.
Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less frequently, the two-year study showed. And it wasn’t that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet, but that using the Net actually appeared to cause the bad feeling.
Researchers are puzzling over the results, which were completely contrary to their expectations. They expected that the net would prove socially healthier than television, since the Net allows users to choose their information and to communicate with others.
The fact that Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being, researchers suggested. Faceless, bodiless “virtual”（虚拟的）communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and the relationship formed through it may be shallower. Another possibility is that exposure to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
“But it’s important to remember this is not about the technology per se; it’s about how it is used,” says psychologist Christine Riley of Intel, one of the study’s sponsors. “It really points to the need for considering social effects in terms of how you design applications and services for technology.”
1.The best title for this passage would be ________.
A. Internet may Cause Depression
B. The Dark Side of Internet
C. How to Use Technology Properly
D. The Importance of Psychological Well-being
2.Internet use may cause a decline in psychological well-being because ________.
A. people who were already feeling bad spend more time on the Internet
B. Internet users thought the world was wider than it really was
C. people were too eager to turn the “virtual” communication into reality
D. people have less time for actual communication with their family and friends
3.What does the underlined Latin word “per se” (in Para. 5) mean?
| A. probably | B. absolutely |
| C. oneself | D. itself |
4.What’s the tone of the passage?
| A. Optimistic. | B. Critical. |
| C. Objective. | D. Pessimistic. |
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get．"
Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things．
You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living．If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served．
Similarly, If you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself．In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services．
This account of yourself is actually a general description of your working life and should include education, experience and references．Such an account is valuable．It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews．While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner．
When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell．Then you are ready to look for a job．Get all the possible information about your could-be job．Make inquiries about the details concerning the job and the firm．Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment．Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the position you wish for, and keep in mind: Obtaining a job is your job now．
1.What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get．”?
A．You’ll certainly get what you want．
B．It’s no use dreaming．
C．You should be dissatisfied with what you have．
D．It’s essential to set a goal for yourself．
2.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________．
A．an illustration of how to write an application for a job
B．an indication of how to obtain a good job
C．a guideline for job description
D．a principle for job evaluation
3.According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________．
A．that is the first step to please the employer
B．that is the requirement of the employer
C．it enables him to know when to sell his services
D．it makes him become clearly aware of himself
4.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something______．
A．specific to offer B．imaginary to provide
C．precious to supply D．desirable to present
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Faces show emotions. Psychology; computer science, and engineering researchers are joining forces to teach machines to read expressions. If they succeed, your computer may one day "read" your mood and cooperate. Machines equipped with emotional skills could also be used in teaching , robotics, gaming, security, and for psychological diagnoses(诊断).
"Mind Reader", a system developed by Rosalind Picard at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US, uses input from a video camera to do real-time analysis of facial expressions. It reports on whether you seem "interested" or “agreeable” or if you're "confused".
The system can help people detect others' emotions. Picard says this means we could teach a machine to be as sensitive as a human. In fact, a machine can be even smarter: than people since it can tell if a person is lying or just "performing" by analyzing one's facial movements. Jeffrey Cohn, a psychologist at the University of Pittsburgh, uses the Facial Action Coding System to detect human emotions. "The face is always visible," Cohn says, "People communicate a lot about feelings and thoughts through facial expression."
Cohn studied a videotape of criminal who professed to be sad about the murder of several family members and tried to pin the blame on some one else． But Cohn saw no real sadness in the woman's face. Sadness is a combination of facial action units that are difficult to do voluntarily. This means, even though your mouth lies, your face doesn't, and the machine will know it all.
1．People can know a person's emotions from his _____.
A．body movement B．facial expressions
C．psychological reactions D．mood and attitude
2．Recent technology development makes ______ by machines possible.
A．mind reading B．body reading
C．face reading D．mood reading
3．According to the passage,______.
A．people can no longer tell lies before the new machine
B．people still can tell lies in front of the new machine
C．people have different emotions before the new machine
D．sadness is often difficult to be seen
4．The underlined word "professed" most probably means_______.
A．to pretend something as true B．to acknowledge
C．to show D．to prove
5．From the passage we can infer that ________.
A．the technology still needs improvement.
B．people can do everything with the new machine .
C．face reading technology is nothing new.
D．face reading technology will be widely used in the future.
高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析