Self-driving cars are just around the corner. Such vehicles will make getting from one place to another safer and less stressful. They also could cut down on traffic, reduce pollution and limit accidents. But how should driverless cars handle emergencies? People disagree on the answer.
To understand the challenge, imagine a car suddenly meets some pedestrians in the road. It’s too late to avoid a crash. So the car’s artificial intelligence must decide whether to swerve(急转弯), To save the pedestrians, should the car swerve off the road or swerve into oncoming traffic:? What if such options :would likely kill the car’s driver?
Researchers used online survey to study people’s attitudes about such situations with driverless cars. Survey participants mostly agreed automated cars should be designed to protect the most people. That included swerving into walls to save a larger number of pedestrians. However, those same surveyed want to ride in cars that protect passengers at all costs-even if the pedestrians would now end up dying. Jean-Francois Bonnefon, a psychologist at the Toulouse School of Economics, and his colleagues reported their findings in Science.
“Automated cars can revolutionize transportation, says study coauthor Iyad Rahwan. But he adds, this new technology creates a moral (道德的) dilemma that could slow its acceptance.
Makers of computerized cars are at a loss for what to do next. Most buyers would want their cars to be programmed to protect them in preference to other people. However, regulations might one day instruct that cars must act for the greater good. But the scientists think rules like this could drive away buyers, If so, all the potential benefits of driverless cars would be lost.
Compromises(妥协) might be possible, another psychologist, Kurt Gray says. He thinks if all driverless cars are programmed to protect their passengers in emergencies, traffic accidents will drop. Those vehicles might be dangerous to pedestrians on rare occasions. But they “won’t speed, won’t drive drunk and won’t text while driving, which would be a win for society. "
1.The underlined word “challenge" in Paragraph 2 refers to .
A. the technical problems that self-driving cars have
B. how self-driving cars reduce traffic accidents
C. how self-driving cars handle emergencies
D. people’s negative attitude towards self-driving cars
2.According to the passage, online surveys show that .
A. people care about whose safety should come first
B. self-driving cars should be designed to protect drivers
C. the busy traffic may be a problem for self-driving cars
D. self-driving cars’ artificial intelligence needs improvement
3.What can we infer from the fifth paragraph?
A. Regulations are in passengers’ favor.
B. Most people dislike driverless cars now.
C. Self-driving car makers are in a tough spot.
D. The potential benefits of driverless cars are ignored.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Moral Dilemma Could Limit Appeal of Driverless Cars.
B. Driverless Cars Could Revolutionize Transportation,
C. New Regulations Have Great Influence on Driverless Cars.
D. People Disagree on the Future of Driverless Cars.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题
Self-driving cars are just around the corner. Such vehicles will make getting from one place to another safer and less stressful. They also could cut down on traffic, reduce pollution and limit accidents. But how should driverless cars handle emergencies? People disagree on the answer.
To understand the challenge, imagine a car suddenly meets some pedestrians in the road. It’s too late to avoid a crash. So the car’s artificial intelligence must decide whether to swerve(急转弯), To save the pedestrians, should the car swerve off the road or swerve into oncoming traffic:? What if such options :would likely kill the car’s driver?
Researchers used online survey to study people’s attitudes about such situations with driverless cars. Survey participants mostly agreed automated cars should be designed to protect the most people. That included swerving into walls to save a larger number of pedestrians. However, those same surveyed want to ride in cars that protect passengers at all costs-even if the pedestrians would now end up dying. Jean-Francois Bonnefon, a psychologist at the Toulouse School of Economics, and his colleagues reported their findings in Science.
“Automated cars can revolutionize transportation, says study coauthor Iyad Rahwan. But he adds, this new technology creates a moral (道德的) dilemma that could slow its acceptance.
Makers of computerized cars are at a loss for what to do next. Most buyers would want their cars to be programmed to protect them in preference to other people. However, regulations might one day instruct that cars must act for the greater good. But the scientists think rules like this could drive away buyers, If so, all the potential benefits of driverless cars would be lost.
Compromises(妥协) might be possible, another psychologist, Kurt Gray says. He thinks if all driverless cars are programmed to protect their passengers in emergencies, traffic accidents will drop. Those vehicles might be dangerous to pedestrians on rare occasions. But they “won’t speed, won’t drive drunk and won’t text while driving, which would be a win for society. "
1.The underlined word “challenge" in Paragraph 2 refers to .
A. the technical problems that self-driving cars have
B. how self-driving cars reduce traffic accidents
C. how self-driving cars handle emergencies
D. people’s negative attitude towards self-driving cars
2.According to the passage, online surveys show that .
A. people care about whose safety should come first
B. self-driving cars should be designed to protect drivers
C. the busy traffic may be a problem for self-driving cars
D. self-driving cars’ artificial intelligence needs improvement
3.What can we infer from the fifth paragraph?
A. Regulations are in passengers’ favor.
B. Most people dislike driverless cars now.
C. Self-driving car makers are in a tough spot.
D. The potential benefits of driverless cars are ignored.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Moral Dilemma Could Limit Appeal of Driverless Cars.
B. Driverless Cars Could Revolutionize Transportation,
C. New Regulations Have Great Influence on Driverless Cars.
D. People Disagree on the Future of Driverless Cars.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
The oil resources which are left will not last very long. This means that all vehicles such as cars, trains, buses, planes and ships that need oil to work will not be able to run. So it will be necessary to develop a new system of transport which uses a fuel more than oil. Electric vehicles are one possibility. In Britain, most families have at least one car and this car is used every day. It could be that only one person in the family drives the car to work or for shopping. The number of cars on the road which are almost empty perhaps helps to explain why the oil is used up so quickly. The family car is a very useful form of transport but it is also a great waste of energy, especially if it is compared with buses or trains. Much petrol is used by a car which is traveling at 120 kilometers an hour. Clearly, it would be better if there were fewer cars on the road and more speed limits so that the oil which is left will last as long as possible.
About 25% of Britain’s total consumption of energy is domestic—it is used only in the home. Just over 20% is used for transport. Most of the energy is used in industry. It is difficult to suggest any possible energy conservation in industry because many of the suggestions would mean that some people would lose their jobs. It is important that industry produces the same amount of products using the same amount of workers.
Obviously, conservation is not going to be the answer to the energy crisis（危机）. The most it can do is to give more time for a better solution to be found. The more time which is available for new sources of energy to be developed, the better it is because there is still a lot of work to be done in order to find suitable, safe methods of producing energy.
1.In Britain, what reason could help to explain why oil is used up very quickly?
A．People use cars every day.
B．Most families have at least one car.
C．Many cars on the road are almost empty.
D．Electric vehicles are used.
2.Which of the following is true?
A．Compared with buses and trains, the family car is useful and can save energy.
B．A car driving at the speed of 80 kilometers per hour uses half as much petrol as a car traveling at 160 kilometers per hour.
C．It is possible for people to develop vehicles.
D．Limitation of the number of cars on the road and their speed will help the oil last longer.
3.What does the underlined word “domestic” mean in Paragraph Two?
A．For household use. B．On the road.
C．Slow driving. D．Fast driving.
4.What is a better way to solve the problem of the energy crisis?
A．Governments should cut down the number of family cars on the road.
B．The speed of vehicles must be limited.
C．New sources of energy should be found and developed.
D．Factories should cut down on production.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
The old lady was __________ by a car when turning around the corner of the street.
A. knocked B. knocked down
C. knocked over D. knocked out
高二英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
完成句子：（共10个空；每空1分，满分10分）
1.When the car went around the corner, the legendary castle ____________________ (呈现在眼前). (come)
2.They put a dark cloth across the window, ____________________ (遮住) the sun-light. (block)
3.The Venus ____________________ (以……命名) a Rome goddess. (name)
4.There are some things that ____________________ (不能忍受) , and her complaining is one. (put)
5.If you go on doing that kind of thing, you ____________________ （最终会进监狱）. (end)
6.I know of at least two people who ___________________（能够指望）to support us.（count）
7.He never remembered ____________________ (遇到) a person like him. (come)
8.The pillar ____________________ (支撑起) the roof. (hold)
9.____________________（弄清楚怎么做）is not an easy job. (figure)
10.The story of Helen Keller’s life ____________________（展现了一个新的世界）to us .(open)
高二英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析
With Christmas just around the corner, it is time for us to plan our holidays. 1.
Organize a Charity Show
Christmas is about spreading joy and love. It’s about giving. We give our family presents on this day to show them with happiness and love, don’t we? But have you ever wondered how the poor celebrate their Christmas? Does Santa leave gifts for them too? 2.Use all the activities to buy gifts or necessities for those less rich.
Visit Orphanages and Old Age Homes
Christmas is an occasion for the entire family to come together and celebrate. More than the celebrations, we look forward to being near our close ones. 3.Form a group and spend an entire day with children or senior at orphanages and old age homes.
Start a Donation Drive
When we do something alone, the impact of that action isn’t as great as it would be if done by a group. 4.A lot of people will want to donate clothes and other necessary items. Along with gifts, if you donate these to people as well, it will really make a difference.
5.Plan these activities in time and have fun with your family and friends. Merry Christmas！May God bless you!
A. Shopping is an entirely different experience during Christmas.
B. Here are some fun Christmas activities that you are absolutely going to love.
C. If you have the time, organize a donation drive in your locality.
D. Now that you know these activities, you can select a few of them to keep yourself busy.
E. As charity, you can arrange for a show in your circle of friends or in your neighborhood.
F. Gifting something to your family members, friends and colleagues is important.
G. The same joy can be shared with people who don’t have the company of their family on this happy occasion.
高二英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析
Common-sense Safety Tips for Travelling AbroadWhen a holiday is just around the corner，you may be planning a trip abroad．But to enjoy a worry-free adventure abroad，you also should pay attention to the following common-sense safety tips for travelling abroad．
1.
Another reason to take only carry-on carriage—besides avoiding baggage fees—is that the less you have to carry around，the more quickly you can move，if necessary．You should always have a free hand．Besides，you won’t be exhausted from dragging all those bags around． 2.
Lock it up．
Leave your hotel with only what you need and lock up the rest．Take a lock for your luggage just in case your hotel doesn’t offer a safe． 3. If you don’t need all your cash and cards，don’t take them all with you when you go out for a day of sightseeing or shopping．Also，leave your passport in the hotel．Make photocopies of all your important documents and leave the hotel with a copy of your passport plus a one photo I．D．Why？ 4. If all of your identification is in it，imagine the trouble you have to go through to replace it all．
Think and Plan．
Always keep in mind that，when you travel abroad，you are in a place you don’t know well and you can always be a target．Trust your senses． 5. After your arrival，ask the hotel staff and locals about the areas you are thinking of visiting，especially at night．And you should walk in well-lit areas at night and know how to contact the local police with your cell phone or a payphone in a foreign country，if necessary．
A．Travel light．
B．Pay by credit card．
C．Imagine having your bag stolen off a restaurant table．
D．You should also make it a habit to take your watch with you．
E．Plus，dragging lots of luggage is a dead giveaway that you aren’t a local resident．
F．You should call ahead to be sure，especially if your luggage is made of cloth material．
G．You are smart and mature，so if something or some situation doesn’t feel safe，it probably isn’t．
高二英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
With the summer holiday just around the corner, it seems like everybody is busy planning their vacations. Here are some tips that can help you enjoy your holiday without empting your pocket:
Travel off-season
Go to your desired destination while the demand is low and take advantage of huge discounts. During the peak season, the hotel and flight prices increase quickly, and you’ll likely spend more of your vacation time standing in line due to the rush of tourists. 1.
2.
Websites can help you find discount hotel rooms. Look for places that do not charge extra for children if they use the existing bedding. Stay with the locals. If you and your family are going to stay for a longer period, renting a small apartment is a good choice.
Eat like a local
Why eat at big chain restaurants when you can experience something new?3.During your family trip, try new food where the locals eat. This will not just save money, but also provide you with a new and different experience. For smaller meals and snacks, avoid restaurants and try street food or other takeout.
Don’t hesitate to bargain
Tourist- heavy places are known for overcharging for just about everything. Clothes, travel goodies, souvenirs, etc. are very expensive at these places. 4.Bargain hard to get the best price.
Choose local transportation
5.Instead, take buses, railways or subways, which are always cheaper. If you are planning to stay for a while, you can consider renting a car. Hiring a car is much easier than carrying your bags everywhere if you are moving around a lot.
A. Save on hotels.
B. Surf the Internet while traveling.
C. Therefore, avoid buying anything there.
D. So it’s best to find out when the off-season starts.
E. Planning your meals is another way to reduce your travel costs.
F. For this reason, you shouldn’t feel ashamed to ask for bargains.
G .As a tourist, avoid taking taxis whenever possible, since they are expensive.
高二英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
With the summer holiday just around the corner, it seems like everybody is busy planning their vacations. Here are some tips that can help you enjoy your holiday without emptying your pocket:
Travel off-season
Go to your desired destination while the demand is low and take advantage of huge discounts. During the peak season, the hotel and flight prices increase quickly, and you’ll likely spend more of your vacation time standing in line due to the rush of tourists. 1.
2.
Websites can help you find discount hotel rooms. Look for places that do not charge extra for children if they use the existing bedding. Stay with the locals. If you and your family are going to stay for a longer period, renting a small apartment is a good choice.
Eat like a local
Why eat at big chain restaurants when you can experience something new? 3. During your family trip, try new food where the locals eat. This will not just save money, but also provide you with a new and different experience. For smaller meals and snacks, avoid restaurants and try street food or other takeout.
Don’t hesitate to bargain
Tourist- heavy places are known for overcharging for just about everything. Clothes, travel goodies, souvenirs, etc. are very expensive at these places. 4. Bargain hard to get the best price.
Choose local transportation
5. Instead, take buses, railways or subways, which are always cheaper. If you are planning to stay for a while, you can consider renting a car. Hiring a car is much easier than carrying your bags everywhere if you are moving around a lot.
A. Save on hotels.
B. Surf the Internet while traveling.
C. Therefore, avoid buying anything there.
D. So it’s best to find out when the off-season starts.
E. Planning your meals is another way to reduce your travel costs.
F. For this reason, you shouldn’t feel ashamed to ask for bargains.
G .As a tourist, avoid taking taxis whenever possible, since they are expensive.
高二英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
With the summer holiday just around the corner, it seems like everybody is busy planning their vacations. Here are some tips that can help you enjoy your holiday without emptying your pocket:
Travel off-season
Go to your desired destination while the demand is low and take advantage of huge discounts. During the peak season, the hotel and flight prices increase quickly, and you’ll likely spend more of your vacation time standing in line due to the rush of tourists. 1.
2._________
Websites can help you find discount hotel rooms. Look for places that do not charge extra for children if they use the existing bedding. Stay with the locals. If you and your family are going to stay for a longer period, renting a small apartment is a good choice.
Eat like a local
Why eat at big chain restaurants when you can experience something new? 3. During your family trip, try new food where the locals eat. This will not just save money, but also provide you with a new and different experience. For smaller meals and snacks, avoid restaurants and try street food or other takeout.
Don’t hesitate to bargain
Tourist-heavy places are known for overcharging for just about everything. Clothes, travel goodies, souvenirs, etc. are very expensive at these places. 4. Bargain hard to get the best price.
Choose local transportation
5. Instead, take buses, railways or subways, which are always cheaper. If you are planning to stay for a while, you can consider renting a car. Hiring a car is much easier than carrying your bags everywhere if you are moving around a lot.
A. Save on hotels.
B. Surf the Internet while traveling.
C. Therefore, avoid buying anything there.
D. So it’s best to find out when the off-season starts.
E. For this reason, you shouldn’t feel ashamed to ask for bargains.
F. Planning your meals is another way to reduce your travel costs.
G. As a tourist, avoid taking taxis whenever possible, since they are expensive.
高二英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
Self-driving vehicles have been proposed as a solution for the rapidly increasing number of fatal traffic accidents, which now cause 1.3 million deaths each year.
While we have made great progress in advancing self-driving technology, we have yet to explore how autonomous vehicles will be programmed to deal with situations that endanger human life, according to a new study published in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.
To understand how self-driving cars might make these judgments, the researchers looked at how humans deal with similar driving dilemmas.
When faced with driving dilemmas, people show a high willingness to sacrifice themselves for others, make decisions based on the victim’s age and turn onto sidewalks to minimize the number of lives lost. Ethical（伦理的）guidelines tend to disagree with human instincts（本能） in this case, saying that no life should be valued above another.
“The technological advancement and adoption of autonomous vehicles are moving quickly but the social and ethical discussions about their behavior are lagging behind,” says lead author Lasse T. Bergmann from University of Osnabrück, Germany.
Automated vehicles will eventually outperform their human counterparts, but there will still be circumstances where the cars must make an ethical decision to save or possibly risk losing a human life.
The study is especially relevant considering earlier this year a self-driving Uber car struck and killed a passenger in Arizona, in an incident widely regarded as the first death resulting from an autonomous vehicle.
An ethics commission launched by the German Ministry for Transportation has created a set of guidelines, representing its members’ best judgement on a variety of issues concerning self-driving cars. These expert judgments may, however, not reflect human instinct.
Bergmann and colleagues developed a virtual reality experiment to examine human instinct in a variety of possible driving situations. It was based on the well-known ethical thought experiment—the trolley problem.
In this experiment, there is a trolley running down the railway tracks. Ahead, on the tracks, there are five people tied up, unable to move, and the trolley is headed straight for them. A person is standing some distance off in the train yard, next to a lever（操作杆）.If he pulls this lever, the trolley will turn to a different set of tracks. However, there is one person tied up on the side track. Does the person choose to pull the lever and kill one person, or do nothing and let five people die?
Bergmann recognized that the majority of people would not approve of the proposal made by the ethics commission that a passenger in the vehicle should not be sacrificed to save more people. “We find people chose to save more lives, even if this involves turning onto the sidewalk, endangering people uninvolved in the traffic incident,” said Bergmann, “Furthermore, subjects considered the factor of age, for example, choosing to save children over the elderly.” He also realized further discussion and research were needed. “Driving requires a complex weighing of risks versus rewards, for example, speed versus the danger of a critical situation,” Bergmann explained.
1.According to the passage, “human counterparts" in Paragraph 6 refers to ________.
A. human drivers B. all human beings C. vehicle makers D. guideline makers
2.The virtual reality experiment carried out by Bergmann shows that ________.
A. no life should be valued above another
B. a passenger shouldn’t be sacrificed for more lives
C. people prefer to sacrifice a child to an old man in an emergency
D. all the subjects didn’t approve of the ethics commission decisions
3.It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. people’s instinct is the most important factor in making decisions
B. there is a long way to go to find solutions to ethic problems in self-driving cars
C. the experiment of “the trolley problem” proved effective in solving driving dilemmas
D. the first death of a self-driving Uber car set people thinking about ethic problems involved
4.The passage is mainly about ________.
A. people’s attitudes towards self-driving vehicles
B. people’s instinct when faced with driving dilemmas
C. the ethical problems involved in self-driving vehicles
D. the technological-problems concerning autonomous vehicles
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析