Psychologists take opposing views of how exte...

Psychologists take opposing views of how external (外部的) rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, state that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards inspires creativity in grade-school children, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.

“If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much expectation for rewards.”

Esenberger holds the view that a teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades at major universities.

In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points towards valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. （235 words）

1.Psychologists are divided about their attitudes toward ________.

A. the choice between moral encouragement and monetary rewards

B. the appropriate amount of external rewards

C. the study of relationship between actions and consequences

D. the effects of external rewards on students' performance

2.Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Esenberger?

A. Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.

B. Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.

C. Giving them rewards they really deserve.

D. Giving them rewards they expect.

3.The phrase “token economics” in Para 5 probably refers to ________.

A. ways to develop economics　　 B. systems of rewarding students

C. approaches to solving complex problems　　 D. methods of improving performance

4.What is the author’s attitude towards the topic?

A. Opposed.　　 B. Supportive.　　 C. Objective.　　 D. Doubtful.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

The best-known example of external( 外部的)influence causing language change is the "Americanization"of world culture, which has caused English words to appear in city streets all over the world. The effect is most noticeable in pop music. Foreign groups often record in English, and the words are picked up and repeated in the same language everywhere, even by children who otherwise have little or no command of the language. I once met a Brazilian child of about ten who could count ‘one, two, three’, but only by adding the words ‘o’clock, four o’clock rock ’at the end.

Some people are often strongly critical of the influence of English on their language --- especially when an English word replaces a traditional word. In 1977, France passed a law banning the use of English words in official situations if an equivalent( 意义相同的)French expression existed --- but the law seemed to be honored more in the breaking than in the observing. Some other countries have considered introducing a similar law despite the evidence that such laws have very little effect, and that the arrival of loan words( 外来词) can greatly enrich a language (as indeed in the case of English itself, which has a long history of welcoming foreign words).

However, not everyone is critical. In particular, commercial firms and advertisers are well aware of the potential selling power that the use of English vocabulary can bring. In Japan, English is even used in television commercials, despite the fact that the majority of viewers would not understand exactly what was being said: the excellence implied by the mere use of English is apparently enough to command the strategy to the advertisers.

Most of the influence of English is upon the vocabulary of foreign languages, but surveys are slowly bringing to light several cases where word order or word structure has been affected. Sentences of the type “The book sells well”, using an active construction for a passive meaning, have begun to appear in Danish (Bogen soelger godt). Several languages keep the English plural ending when they make use of a loan word, and do not translate it into the native form, e.g. drinks. There are many other such cases.

1.Why could the Brazilian child speak ‘one, two, three’ in English?

A. Because he had seen these words everywhere in the street.

B. Because he had learnt how to tell the time in English.

C. Because he had made himself master of English.

D. Because he had heard these words in songs a lot.

2.What can we infer about the law passed in France in1977?

A. It was strict. B. It was unfair.

C. It was often ignored. D. It was strongly opposed.

3.Some Japanese commercials use English in the hope of　 .

A. following the American trend B. becoming world-famous

C. enriching Japanese D. increasing sales

4.The last paragraph is mainly developed by　 .

A. providing examples B. making comparisons

C. explaining grammar rules D. analyzing language change

5.What is the authors attitude towards language change?

A. Critical. B. Objective.

C. Concerned. D. Supportive.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Imagine walking through an ancient city, then climbing a gate tower to take in a wonderful view of the city and its more than 600-year-old walls. You can hear the city’s heartbeat in the air. This is the Ancient City of Pingyao in Shanxi Province, a place that should definitely be on your travel route if you enjoy history or ancient architecture since its origins can be traced back to more than 2,700 years ago.

Located in the center of Shanxi Province, Pingyao is the hometown of Jin merchants, a group of merchants who actively dominated (支配) a booming commodity market throughout China for more than 500 years, especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the city’s agriculture and manufacturing industries developed rapidly. Following China’s reform and opening-up in the 1980s, Pingyao struggled with the transition from a managed economy to the current market-oriented economy. During this time, the city government sought out new ways to break through this economic bottleneck.

Finally in the winter of 1997, opportunity came knocking. Through the efforts of the city government, Pingyao earned its place on the UNESCO World Heritage list, which caused the entire world to take notice of the city.

Since the city’s fame has risen, locals in Pingyao have deepened their understanding of the conservation efforts preserving the historical relics in their hometown. Meanwhile the city administration has continued to upgrade itself through a strategy that follows the pillars of “conservation, entrepreneurship, development and protection.”

Currently, the city is focused on establishing a sustainable industry that will enable it to continue to grow while also protecting its relics and introducing them to the world.

1.What does the underlined word “transition” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A. Translation.　　 B. Spread.　　 C. Range.　　 D. Change.

2.What contributed to Pingyao’s popularity around the world?

A. The city government’s hard work.　　 B. The official recognition by the UNESCO.

C. The development of Pingyao’s economy.　　 D. The ancient architecture in the city.

3.What measure is taken to further develop the city?

A. Combining economy with cultural protection.

B. Constructing more modern buildings.

C. Learning from other cities in the world.

D. Establishing manufacturing industries.

4.How is the text developed?

A. By giving examples.　　 B. By following time order.

C. By listing reasons.　　 D. By raising questions.

高三英语长对话或独白困难题查看答案及解析

The company takes too _____ a view of possible export markets, thus limiting it’s development in the international trade.

A. narrow　　　　 　　 　 B. optimistic

C. sensible　　　　　　　 D. independent

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

In my point of view，the question is not ____ the government is going to take measures to handle the problem，but when．

A．that　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．how

C．what　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．whether

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

Here I can only give you some purely ___ views of how we can control the situation.

A．unique           B．private            C．personal          D．different

高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析

In this lecture ,I can only give you a purely ______view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future .

高三英语单项填空困难题查看答案及解析

In this lecture, I can only give you a purely________view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future.

高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析

In this lecture, I can only give you a_______view of how we can live life to the full.

A．simple            B．good             C．secret            D．personal

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

It is believed that high achievers work toward personal standards of excellence ______ material rewards.

高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析