In 1977, a University of Oxford statistician named Richard Peto pointed out a simple yet puzzling biological fact: we humans should have a lot more cancer than mice, but we don’t.
Dr. Peto’s argument was simple. Every time a cell divides, there’s a small chance it will gain a mutation(突变) that speeds up its growth. Cells that accumulate (聚集) several of these mutations may become cancerous. The bigger an animal is, the more cells it has, and the longer an animal lives, the more times its cells divide. We humans undergo (经历) about 10,000 times as many cell divisions as mice—and thus should be far more likely to get cancer.
A number of scientists have assumed that large, long-lived animals must have evolved extra cancer-fighting weapons. Otherwise, these species would die out.
Dr. Joshua D. Schiffman, an oncologist (肿瘤学家)at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, reviewed zoo records on the deaths of 644 elephants and found that less than 5 percent died of cancer. By contrast, 11 percent to 25 percent of humans die of cancer.
To understand the elephants’ defenses, the scientists investigated a gene that is vital to preventing cancer called p53. The protein encoded by the gene monitors cells for damage to the DNA they contain. Dr. Schiffman and his colleagues found that elephants have evolved new copies of the p53 gene. While humans have only one pair of p53 genes, the scientists identified 20 pairs in elephants.
To see whether these extra copies of p53 made a difference in fighting cancer, they ran experiments on elephant cells. They treated elephant cells with damaging radiation, chemicals and UV light.
“In all cases, instead of trying to repair the damage, the elephant cells simply committed suicide” said Dr. Schiffman. He said he thought the way the elephant cells responded was a very effective way to block cancer.
Patricia Muller, an oncologist at the MRC Toxicology Unit at the University of Leicester, who was not involved in the studies, said the results, though convincing, didn’t firmly establish exactly how elephants use p53 to fight cancer. One possibility is that the extra copies don’t actually cause cells to commit suicide. Instead, they may act as decoys (诱饵) for enzymes (酶) that destroy p53 proteins.
Dr. Muller said it was especially important to understand precisely how elephants fight cancer before trying to copy their strategies with drugs for humans.
1.What does the 2nd paragraph want to tell us?
A.Human should be more likely to develop cancer than mice.
B.Cell division can increase the speed of growth of mutations.
C.The bigger an animal is, the smaller chance of getting cancer it has.
D.Dr. Peto’s argument was not simple.
2.According to the passage, p53 is ______.
A.a protein to prevent cancer B.a gene to defend against cancer
C.a protein to destroy damaged cells D.a gene to change cells
3.What does Dr. Schiffman say about the extra copies of p53 fighting cancer?
A.They cause the cells to repair the genes.
B.They stop cells from dividing further.
C.They act as decoys for enzymes that destroy p53 proteins.
D.They cause the cells to commit suicide.
4.Which of the following is TRUE?
A.Dr. Schiffman pointed out that we humans don’t have more cancer than mice.
B.The cancer death rate of humans is five percent higher than that of elephants.
C.The scientists found there are 20 pairs of p53 genes in elephants.
D.Dr. Muller also took part in the studies.
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题
In 1977, a University of Oxford statistician named Richard Peto pointed out a simple yet puzzling biological fact: we humans should have a lot more cancer than mice, but we don’t.
Dr. Peto’s argument was simple. Every time a cell divides, there’s a small chance it will gain a mutation(突变) that speeds up its growth. Cells that accumulate (聚集) several of these mutations may become cancerous. The bigger an animal is, the more cells it has, and the longer an animal lives, the more times its cells divide. We humans undergo (经历) about 10,000 times as many cell divisions as mice—and thus should be far more likely to get cancer.
A number of scientists have assumed that large, long-lived animals must have evolved extra cancer-fighting weapons. Otherwise, these species would die out.
Dr. Joshua D. Schiffman, an oncologist (肿瘤学家)at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, reviewed zoo records on the deaths of 644 elephants and found that less than 5 percent died of cancer. By contrast, 11 percent to 25 percent of humans die of cancer.
To understand the elephants’ defenses, the scientists investigated a gene that is vital to preventing cancer called p53. The protein encoded by the gene monitors cells for damage to the DNA they contain. Dr. Schiffman and his colleagues found that elephants have evolved new copies of the p53 gene. While humans have only one pair of p53 genes, the scientists identified 20 pairs in elephants.
To see whether these extra copies of p53 made a difference in fighting cancer, they ran experiments on elephant cells. They treated elephant cells with damaging radiation, chemicals and UV light.
“In all cases, instead of trying to repair the damage, the elephant cells simply committed suicide” said Dr. Schiffman. He said he thought the way the elephant cells responded was a very effective way to block cancer.
Patricia Muller, an oncologist at the MRC Toxicology Unit at the University of Leicester, who was not involved in the studies, said the results, though convincing, didn’t firmly establish exactly how elephants use p53 to fight cancer. One possibility is that the extra copies don’t actually cause cells to commit suicide. Instead, they may act as decoys (诱饵) for enzymes (酶) that destroy p53 proteins.
Dr. Muller said it was especially important to understand precisely how elephants fight cancer before trying to copy their strategies with drugs for humans.
1.What does the 2nd paragraph want to tell us?
A.Human should be more likely to develop cancer than mice.
B.Cell division can increase the speed of growth of mutations.
C.The bigger an animal is, the smaller chance of getting cancer it has.
D.Dr. Peto’s argument was not simple.
2.According to the passage, p53 is ______.
A.a protein to prevent cancer B.a gene to defend against cancer
C.a protein to destroy damaged cells D.a gene to change cells
3.What does Dr. Schiffman say about the extra copies of p53 fighting cancer?
A.They cause the cells to repair the genes.
B.They stop cells from dividing further.
C.They act as decoys for enzymes that destroy p53 proteins.
D.They cause the cells to commit suicide.
4.Which of the following is TRUE?
A.Dr. Schiffman pointed out that we humans don’t have more cancer than mice.
B.The cancer death rate of humans is five percent higher than that of elephants.
C.The scientists found there are 20 pairs of p53 genes in elephants.
D.Dr. Muller also took part in the studies.
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Jane, a student of Oxford University, has bought a bicycle and is concerned about the safety of her new bike. Her friend, Kate, found this article and sent it to her.
How to make your bicycle safe?
A number of crimes(罪行) are against bicycles. About 150,000 bicycles are stolen every year and most of them are never found. You can prevent this from happening by following a few careful steps.
Basic Security
Never leave your bicycle in out-of-the-way places. Always lock your bicycle when you leave. Secure it to lamp posts or trees. Take off smaller parts and carry them with you, for example lights and saddles (车座).
Locks
There are various types of locks. Buy one that has been tested against attack. Ask for a suggestion from a bike shop owner.
Marking
The security marking of your bike can act as a prevention of being stolen, which can also help the police find your bicycle. Your postcode and your house or flat number should be included and clearly recorded. This will provide a simple way to recognize your bicycle.
Registration (注册)
There are many companies that will offer the security marking to your bicycle. They will then store your registration number and personal details in their computer database(数据库). If your bicycle is found, it will be easy to contact you.
Attention
Keep a record of the bicycle by yourself: its production place, model and registration number. You can even take a photograph of it. This will prove the bicycle belongs to you.
1.Which part of the article gives the information on how to lock your bicycle when you leave?
A. Basic Security B. Locks
C. Marking D. Registration
2.Which one is WRONG about the security marking of a bicycle?
A. It can help the police to find and recognize the lost bike.
B. Some companies can help you in marking the bike.
C. It can make sure that the bike won’t be stolen.
D. The security marking database makes it easy to get in touch with the owner.
3.The article advises you to keep a record of your bicycle _______.
A. by both your friend and your parents
B. both in a security company and Oxford University
C. by yourself and in a security company that offers security marking
D. in the police station as well as Oxford University
4.To make your bike safe, which of the following information need NOT be recorded?
A. your registration number and personal details
B. the lock you buy and the suggestion from a bike shop owner
C. the production place of the bike and your address
D. both the type of the bike and its picture
高一英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
Welcome to Oxford University Museums
Ashmolean Museum
Established in 1683, the Ashmolean Museum is the oldest museum in the UK and one of the oldest in the world. It houses the University’s extensive collections of art and antiquities, ranging back over four millennia.
Location: Beaumont Street Tel: 01865278000
Open: Tue. Sun. 10: 00-17: 00.
Charge: Admission is free; special exhibitions are ticketed and a charge may apply
Note: For group bookings Tel:01865278015
Oxford University Museum of Natural History
The University Museum of Natural History houses the University’s collections of zoological, entomological, paleontological and mineral specimens. With 4. 5 million specimens it is the largest collection of its type outside of the national collections.
Location: Parks Road Tel: 01865 272950
Open: 10: 00-17: 00 daily
Charge: Admission is free
Note: Groups must book in advance
Museum of the History of Science
The Museum of the History of Science is housed in the world’s oldest surviving purpose-built museum building. It contains the world’s finest collection of historic scientific instruments.
Location: Broad Street Tel: 01865277280
Open: Tue.Sun.12: 00-17:00
Charge: Admission is free
Note: Booking required for groups of 15 or more
Pitt Rivers Museum
The Pitt Rivers Museum holds one of the world’s finest collections of anthropology and archaeology, with objects from every continent and from throughout human history.
Location: Parks Road enter via the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Tel:01865270927
Open: Tue. Sun. and Bank Holiday Mondays: 10: 00-16: 30
Charge: Admission is free
Note: Groups must book in advance
1.If a group of 20 students want to visit the oldest museum in the UK, they should call_______
A.01865277280 B.01865278015
C.01865270927 D.01865272950
2.Which of the museums can visitors go to any day of the week?
A.Ashmolean Museum. B.Museum of the History of Science.
C.Oxford University Museum of Natural History. D.Pitt Rivers Museum
3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.Ashmolean Museum is on the Broad Street.
B.Pitt Rivers Museum contains the world’s finest collection of historic scientific instruments.
C.We don’t have to book in advance if our group want to visit the University Museum of Natural History.
D.We can enter the Pitt Rivers Museum through the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
A team of researchers from Oxford University has demonstrated a self-driving car that is different from such cars being tested by Audi, Ford, etc. It’ s much cheaper because it’s based on off-the-shelf(现成的) technology and controlled by an ordinary iPad. Instead of using GPS to understand the location, the car learns routes when a person is driving, and then asks after it’s got it down, if the driver would like the computer to take over.
As time passes, it’s becoming very clear that people believe computers would be better drivers than humans. This has been proven by extensive research that indicates that computers are able to react more quickly to driving conditions, make smarter decisions, don’t take risks, and don’t make mistakes in concentration. They don’t drink either, of course, which means accidents due to drunk driving could be reduced dramatically if the computer could take over when someone needs to get home from the bar. And the team says drivers don’t need their cars to know everything about every road, condition or possible danger. Instead, they just need to know how to get from one point to another, and to do a good job of it when asked.
To that end, the researchers have added cameras, lasers, a central computer to process information and a regular iPad. In practice, the car would learn how to get to and from places that the driver frequents, such as their work place, the local pub or grocery store. Once it has it down, the computer asks the driver if they’ d like a rest. If so, they simply tap the iPad, and the car takes over.
It’ s very simple and doesn’t require nearly the same number of devices as those being tested by other car companies. The researchers say people might be able to get the total price of the system below a hundred dollars. And of course, the iPad can be lifted out and carried away for other purposes when not being used as a driver assistant.
1.The car tested by Oxford University are different from others in that they ________.
A. use available low-cost technology
B. depend on GPS to understand the location
C. can choose the places for their owners to visit
D. can develop a good relationship with their owners
2.Computers are believed to be better drivers than humans mainly because they ________.
A. are more likely to take risks
B. are more familiar with every road
C. become more skilful at avoiding dangers
D. can respond to new situations more quickly
3.We can infer from the passage that the iPad __________.
A. cannot be removed from cars when it’s not used
B. has replaced cameras, lasers and a central computer
C. needs to be specially designed for a self-driving car
D. acts as a tool for drivers to control their self-driving cars
4.What best describes the author’s tone in this passage?
A. Objective. B. Worried.
C. Serious D. Subjective.
5.In which column of a newspaper can we find this passage?
A. Opinion B. Fashion C. Technology D. Education
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
In 2004, he went to Oxford University __________ he became interested in Chinese culture.
A. which B. that C. whose D. where
高一英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
He is a student at Oxford University, ____for a degree in computer science.
A.studied B.studying
C.to have studied D.to be studying
高一英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
.He is a student at Oxford University,_______for a degree in computer science.
A.studied B. studying C.to have studied D. to be studying
高一英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
______ was in 2010 ______ I graduated from Oxford University.
A. That; that B. It; when
C. That; when D. It; that
高一英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Do you know the man _____ son is studying in Oxford University?
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
高一英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
He is a student at Oxford University, __________ for a degree in computer science.
A.studied B.studying C.to have studied D.to be studying
高一英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析