A new study focuses on K2-18b, an exoplanet (系外行星) like the earth discovered in 2015, orbiting a red dwarf star (矮星) close enough to receive about the same amount of radiation from its star as the earth does from the sun.
Recently, scientists have discovered gas giants that have water in their atmospheres, but this is the least massive planet ever to have water detected in its atmosphere. ''The water detection was quite clear to us relatively early on, lead author Bjorn Benneke, a professor at the Institute for Research on Exoplanets at the Universite de Montreal, '' told Space.com in an interview.
Studies have suggested that planets with hydrogen-rich atmospheres could host certain forms of life, Benneke said. However, a news release reads: ''K2-18b's large atmosphere is extremely thick and creates high-pressure conditions, which likely prevents life as we know it from existing on the planet’s surface. '' While these researchers found evidence for liquid water clouds on K2-18b because of its lack of surface, rain wouldn't pour on the planet. Without a real surface, so to speak, landing on the planet would also be nearly impossible, especially because the gas is so thick and has such an incredibly high pressure that any earthr-created space-craft sent there would be devastated.
Benneke suggests that, possibly, this planet is formed by rock absorbing large amounts of gas, like a vacuum (真空) cleaner. This absorbed gas would have more than doubled the planet and increased its volume eightfold.
To come to these conclusions, the research team analyzed the data from Hubble Space Telescope observations that they made between 2016 and 2017 of the K2-18b planet passing in front of its star eight times. It allows scientists to detect distinct characters of water in a planet's atmosphere. This team plans to expand this research even further by studying K2-18b with NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, which is set to launch in 2021. This type of research, Benneke said, is leading toward a final goal of ''being able to study the earth-like planets. '' ''We are not quite there yet. '' he said, ''but this is really exciting. ''
1.What can we learn about K2-18b?
A.It is a planet closest to the sun.
B.It hosts certain forms of life because of thick gas.
C.It is covered with thin atmosphere and liquid water.
D.It's the smallest planet with water in its atmosphere ever found.
2.What does the underlined word ''devastated'' in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Declared. B.Detected.
C.Destroyed. D.Delivered.
3.What allows scientists to detect clear characters of water in a planet's atmosphere?
A.The expansion in the research.
B.The data by the Hubble Space Telescope.
C.The goal of recognizing the real exoplanet.
D.The conclusion of increasing the planet's volume.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A.A New Finding About K2-18b
B.NASA Helps Explore An Exoplanet
C.Humans Have Ever Landed On K2-18b
D.Scientists Determination Of Researching Space
高三英语阅读理解困难题
A new study focuses on K2-18b, an exoplanet (系外行星) like the earth discovered in 2015, orbiting a red dwarf star (矮星) close enough to receive about the same amount of radiation from its star as the earth does from the sun.
Recently, scientists have discovered gas giants that have water in their atmospheres, but this is the least massive planet ever to have water detected in its atmosphere. ''The water detection was quite clear to us relatively early on, lead author Bjorn Benneke, a professor at the Institute for Research on Exoplanets at the Universite de Montreal, '' told Space.com in an interview.
Studies have suggested that planets with hydrogen-rich atmospheres could host certain forms of life, Benneke said. However, a news release reads: ''K2-18b's large atmosphere is extremely thick and creates high-pressure conditions, which likely prevents life as we know it from existing on the planet’s surface. '' While these researchers found evidence for liquid water clouds on K2-18b because of its lack of surface, rain wouldn't pour on the planet. Without a real surface, so to speak, landing on the planet would also be nearly impossible, especially because the gas is so thick and has such an incredibly high pressure that any earthr-created space-craft sent there would be devastated.
Benneke suggests that, possibly, this planet is formed by rock absorbing large amounts of gas, like a vacuum (真空) cleaner. This absorbed gas would have more than doubled the planet and increased its volume eightfold.
To come to these conclusions, the research team analyzed the data from Hubble Space Telescope observations that they made between 2016 and 2017 of the K2-18b planet passing in front of its star eight times. It allows scientists to detect distinct characters of water in a planet's atmosphere. This team plans to expand this research even further by studying K2-18b with NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, which is set to launch in 2021. This type of research, Benneke said, is leading toward a final goal of ''being able to study the earth-like planets. '' ''We are not quite there yet. '' he said, ''but this is really exciting. ''
1.What can we learn about K2-18b?
A.It is a planet closest to the sun.
B.It hosts certain forms of life because of thick gas.
C.It is covered with thin atmosphere and liquid water.
D.It's the smallest planet with water in its atmosphere ever found.
2.What does the underlined word ''devastated'' in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Declared. B.Detected.
C.Destroyed. D.Delivered.
3.What allows scientists to detect clear characters of water in a planet's atmosphere?
A.The expansion in the research.
B.The data by the Hubble Space Telescope.
C.The goal of recognizing the real exoplanet.
D.The conclusion of increasing the planet's volume.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A.A New Finding About K2-18b
B.NASA Helps Explore An Exoplanet
C.Humans Have Ever Landed On K2-18b
D.Scientists Determination Of Researching Space
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
An Introduction to Pre-reading
When reading some material, many readers would like to focus on the first line of it and read it through from begin-ning to end. This is not an efficient way of reading. Actually, experienced readers do pre-reading before reading it. Pre-reading is a technique that allows readers to become familiar with the material to be read before beginning to read it thoroughly. 1. It provides readers with a mental outline of the content of the material.
• What is the purpose of pre-reading?
Pre-reading involves getting a quick impression or overview of what you are going to read before beginning to read. It allows you to know about the basic content and organization of the material before you read it.2.
• Why is pre-reading effective?
First, pre-reading helps you to become concentrated on what you will read. Through pre-reading you become interested and involved in the material and get basic information about the content of the article. 3.
Second, pre-reading provides you with a mental outline of the material you are going to read. 4. With this outline already in mind, you are able to read the chapter more easily.
• 5.
You may use the technique of pre-reading before you read any materials, when you read just for an overview of a material, or when you select materials for a specific purpose (e. g. writing a paper, preparing a research report, etc.). Don’t think that pre-reading will waste your time. In fact, you just spend a few minutes on pre-reading, which will help you save a lot of time and make your actual reading fast and easy.
A. When do you apply pre-reading?
B. Does pre-reading waste our study time?
C. The technique involves checking specific parts of an article, a chapter or a book.
D. Thus, you will be able to read faster and follow the author’s thought more easily.
E. You begin to expect the outline of the material and see the relationships of topics.
F. In other words, pre-reading focuses your attention on the content of the reading material.
G. For example, while reading the headings of a chapter, you are forming a mental outline of the chapter.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
According to a new study， teens focus on rewards and have a hard time learning to avoid punishment or consider the consequences of alternative actions.
University College London researchers compared how teens and adults learn to make choices based on the available information. They tracked the way in which 18 volunteers aged 12-17 and 20 volunteers aged 18-32 completed tasks in which they had to choose between abstract symbols.
Each symbol was consistently associated with a fixed chance of a reward, punishment, or no outcome. As the trial progressed ， participants learned which symbols were likely to lead to each outcome and adjusted their choices accordingly. Teens and adults were equally good at learning to choose symbols associated with reward， but teens were less good at avoiding symbols associated with punishment. Adults also performed significantly better when they were told what would have happened if they had chosen the other symbol after each choice， while teens did not appear to take this information into account.
“From this experimental lab study we can draw conclusions about learning during the teen years. We find that teens and adults learn in different ways， something that might be relevant to education," said lead author Dr. Stefano Palminteri. " Unlike adults, teens are not so good at learning to adjust their choices to avoid punishment. This suggests that incentive systems based on reward rather than punishment may be more effective for this age group. Additionally, we found that teens did not learn from being shown what would have happened if they made alternative choices."
To interpret the results, the researchers developed computational models of learning and ran simulations （模拟）applying them to the results of the study. The first was a simple model, one that learned from rewards, and the second model added to this by also learning from the option that was not chosen. The third model was the most complete and took the full context into account, with equal weight given to punishment avoidance and reward seeking. For example, obtaining no outcome rather than losing a point is weighted equally to gaining a point rather than having no outcome.
Comparing the experimental data to the models, the team found that teens" behavior followed the simple reward-based model while adults" behavior matched the complete, contextual model. “Our study suggests that teens are more receptive to rewards than they are to punishments of equal value, ” said senior author Dr. Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. “As a result, it may be useful for parents and teachers to frame things in more positive terms.”
1.It can be learned from the study that .
A.adults made choices faster than teens
B.adults understood rewards better than teens
C.teens reacted better to reward than punishment
D.teens were aware of the outcome of each choice
2.What do we know about the three computational models?
A.They reflected people’s strong desire for punishment avoidance.
B.They gave circumstances different degrees of consideration.
C.They paid equal attention to reward and punishment.
D.They shaped the behavior of people at different ages.
3.The underlined word “receptive" in the last paragraph probably means .
A.accustomed B.opposed
C.sympathetic D.responsive
4.According to the writer, which of the following statements works best for teens?
A.“If you insist on doing things in this way， you will lose ten points. "
B.“If we had talked about this earlier， you wouldn’t have made the mistake. "
C.“ If you hand in your assignment ahead of time， you will get an extra bonus."
D.“If you want to approach a problem differently ， you can talk to your parents. "
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
—With the machine going on and on, I just can’t focus on my study.
—_______. Let’s go outside and play football instead.
A. I don’t think so B. Please be more patient
C. Same here D. Don’t push me too hard
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Lectures were _____ so students could be more focused on their study for the finals.
A. called off B. broken off C. blown off D. set off
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
______, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.
A. However the novel is amusing
B No matter amusing the novel is
C. However amusing the novel is
D. No matter how the novel is amusing
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
______，I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.
A. However the story is amusing
B. No matter amusing the story is
C. However amusing the story is
D. No matter how the story is amusing
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
________ , I have to put it away and focus （集中）my attention on study this week．
A．However the story is amusing B．No matter amusing the story is
C．However amusing the story is D．No matter how the story is amusing
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
_______, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week．
A．However the story is amusing
B．No matter amusing the story is
C．However amusing the story is
D．No matter how the story is amusing
高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
_______, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week．
A．However the story is amusing
B．No matter amusing the story is
C．However amusing the story is
D．No matter how the story is amusing
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析