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Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves – all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph.
● Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)
Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery (手术).
Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.
Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein (血管). He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.
● Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid (胃酸). But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria (细菌) called Helicobacter pylori. So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting (呕吐) each morning – he indeed had gastritis.
● Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell (免疫细胞) called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.
Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity.
With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines (疫苗) based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies (疗法). Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.
1. The main purpose of the article is to ______.
A. list some famous Nobel prize winners.
B. introduce a few Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves.
C. describe some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize-winners did on themselves.
D. list some difficulties that scientists go through to make important discoveries in biology .
2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?
A. Forssmann’s experiment ended in failure.
B. Forssmann had the pipe pushed all the way into his heart.
C. Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori.
D. Barry Marshall was given full responsibility for the study on gastritis at first.
3. The underlined word “gastritis” in Paragraph 5 probably means ______.
A. a kind of stomach disease
B. a kind of immune cell
C. a new type of therapy
D. a type of leg cancer
4.From the text, we can conclude that Ralph Steinman ______.
A. had his request to experiment on patients denied
B. believed that cancer comes from stress and spicy food
C. discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell
D. tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Activists are people who see the need for change and devote their time to doing something about it. 1. If you are interested in it you can do so.
Join an organization that supports your cause.2. Most activist organizations offer different levels of involvement, so you can do whatever you feel most comfortable with, whether that means attending meetings and demonstrations or just donating a little money when you can.
Volunteer your time. One of the best ways to make a difference is to volunteer your time. Reach out to organizations in your community that do work for your cause, and ask how you can help others better.
3. Most activists or charitable organizations (慈善机构) need resources or fund to do their work. If you can’t afford to donate money to an organization that supports your cause, you may be able to donate other things they need, like clothing or canned food.
Reach out to family and friends. Tell your family and friends about your cause, and invite them to get involved. If they are interested, share the plans or feeling about your cause or just talk to them about what you have learned.4.
Promote your cause on social media. You can use social media to help keep your friends and followers informed about the causes you support.5. Also, you can invite your friends to attend events or do some questionnaires on the Internet to help you get the latest information.
A. Donate money or supplies.
B. Raise money and collect clothes.
C. They are driven by passion and a vision for a better future.
D. If you do volunteer work, invite them to volunteer with you.
E. This could be anything from a student club to a national organization.
F. Posting some photos and texts about your cause on the blog is a good way to get others involved.
G. They can be more interesting or competitive organizations like outdoor clubs.
高二英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
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When _____ who is their best friends, the boys usually hesitate before responding.
A. asking B. asked C. ask D. to ask
高二英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
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Stephen Hawking, the brilliant British theoretical physicist who published wildly popular books exploring the mysteries of the universe, has died, according to a family spokesman. He was 76.
Considered by many to be the world’s greatest living scientist, Hawking was also a cosmologist, astronomer, mathematician and author of numerous books including the landmark “A Brief History of Time,” which has sold more than 10 million copies.
With fellow physicist Roger Penrose, Hawking combined Einstein’s theory of relativity with quantum theory(量子理论) to suggest that space and time would begin with the Big Bang and end in black holes. He also discovered that black holes were not completely black but emit(释放) radiation and would likely eventually evaporate(蒸发) and disappear. “It will be difficult enough to avoid disasters on planet Earth in the next 100 years, let alone next thousand, or million. The human race shouldn’t have all its eggs in one basket or on one plant. Let’s hope we can avoid dropping the basket until we have spread the load.”
Hawking suffered from ALS (amyotrophic latcral sclerosis), a disease which is usually fatal within a few years. He was diagnosed in 1963, when he was 21, and doctors initially gave him only a few years to live. The disease left Hawking wheelchair-bound and paralyzed. He was able to move only a few fingers on one hand and was completely dependent on others or on technology for everything—bathing, dressing, eating, even speech. “I have been lucky that my condition has progressed more slowly than is often the case. But it shows that one need not lose hope.” Dramatically, he even guest-starred in the “Star Trek”, “The Simpsons” and the 2014 movie “The theory of Everything”.
Hawking leaves behind three children and three grandchildren. “We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today,” Hawking’s children, Lucy, Robert and Tim, said in a statement. “He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years. His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humor inspired people across the world. “We will miss him forever.”
1.From the passage, we can learn that ________.
A. Hawking was diagnosed with the fatal disease since he was born.
B. Hawking was once the main character in the movie and TV series.
C. Hawking just published one book titled “A Brief History of Time”
D. Hawking had to rely on other people and technology to do everything in life.
2.Which of the following is NOT believed by Stephen Hawking?
A. The space and time would end in black holes.
B. Black holes are not exactly black in color.
C. The disasters can be avoided in the next thousand or million years.
D. Black holes can give off radiation and will disappear in the end.
3.What does the underlined sentence mean?
A. The humans should explore other planets to live.
B. The humans should stay together to fight the disasters.
C. The earth will be destroyed if humans continue to live here
D. No other planets can replace the earth as the living place.
4.What would be the best title of the passage?
A. A Star Just Went Out in the Cosmos
B. The Achievements of Stephen Hawking
C. Stephen Hawking’s Suffering of the Disease
D. The Predictions of the Great Man
高二英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
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I usually do my homework after dinner until 10 pm, ______ is my bedtime.
A．who
B．what
C．which
D．that
高二英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
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In societies where social roles are determined, boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers, and girls usually also copy _____ of their mothers.
A. that B. those C. one D. the ones
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
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In societies where social roles are determined, boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers, and girls usually also copy _____ of their mothers.
A．that B．those C．one D．the ones
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
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It is said that usually people learn from their experiences and the mistakes they make throughout their lives. This is correct because life teaches us what is correct to do and what is not.
Let’s consider a mistake that one has made while trying to learn to drive. It is true that, for a beginner, it is common to make mistakes, but after doing something wrong once, twice or three times, it is quite impossible to make the same mistake a fourth time. Everyone tries their best in order to improve their skills and they will be very pleased to notice that these improvements really happen.
On the other hand, being successful in everything he does, one cannot know what failure means. He would always see only the best side of things and it would be difficult for him to face the difficulties to come in the future. Here we can mention the case of a very successful football player, who has known what fame (名声) is from the very beginning of his career. We have to admit that most of his luck originates from the great talent that he was born with. But some fellow players can also work to achieve the same thing because they make mistakes in their games and they learn from each mistake that they make.
In the end, we can say that one needs to make mistakes in life in order to better appreciate things. And at the same time, mistakes teach us how important it is to fight for something we wish for in life. Of course, moments of happiness will come in return when we see the changes or improvements.
1.The author mentions learning driving in the second paragraph to ______________.
A．make a comparison
B．explain that learning is a slow process
C．show that driving is a very difficult skill
D．prove that success results from failure
2.What is the author’s attitude towards someone that is always successful at something?
A．He thinks they are lucky. B．He is bored with them.
C．He wants to learn from them. D．He believes their success is a bad thing.
3.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A．
B．
C．
D．
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Parents can usually tell if their children are lying to them, and so can teachers. Knowing if someone is lying can be useful. There are a number of behaviors that you can observe to help catch someone in a lie.
Eyes, windows to the soul, can provide information about whether you are hearing the truth or a lie. Here is a simple experiment. Ask a friend or a family member to imagine their mother with green hair. You should notice that their eyes look up to their left while they are imagining their mother. Then ask them to think about what they did this morning and their eyes will probably look up to the right. Basically, eye movement to the left indicates the person is imagining something that is not real or did not happen. When the eyes move up and to the right, the person is remembering something that actually happened. Body language is another way to see if someone is telling tales. A professional poker (扑克) player will probably tell you not to believe someone whose hands touch their face, throat, or mouth. It seems that when we are being less than truthful our hands want to cover our face in some way. It is unlikely that a liar (someone who tells lies) will touch their chest with an open hand.
Paying careful attention to how people talk can also help you catch someone in a lie. If a student is accused of copying homework, and is guilty, they are likely to get defensive. They may deny the copying and ask why the teacher does not like him or her, while an innocent person might be expected to take the offensive, explaining for example, how they got the ideas for the homework and convincing the teacher to talk to someone who saw them do the homework.
You may also find a guilty person speaks more than is natural and adds lots of unnecessary details to their story in an attempt to convince you they are telling the truth. If you suspect this is happening, try changing the subject of your conversation quickly. A liar will happily follow your change of direction and will become more relaxed.
But remember: just because someone is showing one or more of the signs associated with lying does not necessarily make them a liar. Some other forms of stress other than lying may explain their behavior, and some people exhibit these signs as normal behavior. However, if you need to distinguish a lie from the truth, these tips could be a good start.
1.When accused of copying, a student who cheats will try to ______.
A. prove his innocence by giving a wild story
B. convince his teacher by taking offensive action
C. figure out whether the teacher considers him guilty
D. cover his lies by keeping changing conversation topics
2.What is the best title for the passage?
A. What causes people to lie
B. How a liar covers his lies
C. What tricks a liar uses
D. How to detect a lie
3.What can we infer from the passage?
A. Innocent people will not explain their stories in detail.
B. Touching mouth is an effective way to hide dishonesty.
C. Eye movement to the left indicates that the person is lying.
D. Liars favor a new topic in hope of their lies going undetected.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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The Spring Festival is our traditional festival, __________ people usually visit their friends and relatives.
A．for which B．to which C．during which D．about which
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
B．
C．