Why do people like what they like? Scientists have taken on the task of solving this mystery(奥秘)for ages. In the 1960s, psychologist Robert Zajonc conducted a series of experiments where he showed people nonsense words and random shapes. Afterward he asked his subjects which they preferred out of ever thing they had been shown. In study
after study, people always chose the words and shapes they had seen the most. Their preference was for familiarity.
This discovery was one of the most important findings in modern psychology. But the preference for familiarity has clear limits. People get tired of even their favorite songs and movies. On one hand, humans seek familiarity, because it makes then feel safe. On the other hand, people love the thrill of something new. This change between familiarity and discovery affects ns all the time- not just our preferences for pictures and songs, but also our preferences for ideas and even people.
For that reason, the power of familiarity seems to be strongest when a person isn’t expecting it. The opposite is also true: A surprise seems to work best when it contains some familiarity. Nobody knows this better than Raymond Loews, who is considered to be the "father of industrial design. He had a theory that he said could help artists sell anything to anyone. He called it MAYA --"Most Advanced Yet Acceptable""To sell something surprising, make it familiar; and to sell something familiar, make it surprising," he said.
One of Loewy’s final tasks was too add an element(要素)of familiarity to a truly new invention: NASA’s first space station. Loewy’s biggest contribution to the space station was that he insisted NASA install a window with a view of Earth. Today, tens of millions of people have seen this small detail in films about astronauts. It is hard to imagine a more perfect example of MAYA: a window to a new world can also show you home.
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高一英语概要写作困难题
Why do people like what they like? Scientists have taken on the task of solving this mystery(奥秘)for ages. In the 1960s, psychologist Robert Zajonc conducted a series of experiments where he showed people nonsense words and random shapes. Afterward he asked his subjects which they preferred out of ever thing they had been shown. In study
after study, people always chose the words and shapes they had seen the most. Their preference was for familiarity.
This discovery was one of the most important findings in modern psychology. But the preference for familiarity has clear limits. People get tired of even their favorite songs and movies. On one hand, humans seek familiarity, because it makes then feel safe. On the other hand, people love the thrill of something new. This change between familiarity and discovery affects ns all the time- not just our preferences for pictures and songs, but also our preferences for ideas and even people.
For that reason, the power of familiarity seems to be strongest when a person isn’t expecting it. The opposite is also true: A surprise seems to work best when it contains some familiarity. Nobody knows this better than Raymond Loews, who is considered to be the "father of industrial design. He had a theory that he said could help artists sell anything to anyone. He called it MAYA --"Most Advanced Yet Acceptable""To sell something surprising, make it familiar; and to sell something familiar, make it surprising," he said.
One of Loewy’s final tasks was too add an element(要素)of familiarity to a truly new invention: NASA’s first space station. Loewy’s biggest contribution to the space station was that he insisted NASA install a window with a view of Earth. Today, tens of millions of people have seen this small detail in films about astronauts. It is hard to imagine a more perfect example of MAYA: a window to a new world can also show you home.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
高一英语概要写作困难题查看答案及解析
Scientists have found what look like caves on Mars, and say they could be protecting life from the planet’s terrible environment.
The first caves appear as seven mysterious black dots (点) on the pictures which were sent back by NASA’s Mars Odyssey orbiter. Each as large as a football field, they may be openings into natural caves below the Martian surface.
“If there is life on Mars, there is a good chance that you’d find it in caves,” said Jut Wynne, one of the researchers who noticed the features (特征) while working on a US Geological Survey Mars Cave Detection Program.
Jonathan Clarke, a geologist with the Mars Society of Australia, yesterday described the discovery as exciting.
One photo taken at night by an infrared imager(红外线成像器) showed one hole to be unusually warm, suggesting hot air may be flowing out.
“I said: ‘Wow, that’s a cave’” Dr. Clarke said excitedly. “People have been looking for these for a long time; now we have found them.”
He agreed such caves could be perfect places to search for life escaping from the bitterly cold, radiation-soaked(充满辐射的), dry surface.
“Tiny drops of water could collect inside,” he said. “If there are gases coming out, they could provide energy for a whole range of bacteria (细菌). A cave is also a protection from radiation; the surface of Mars is exposed to high levels of space radiation.”
The caves probably formed when tube-shaped lava flows(管状岩浆流) spread across the planet long ago. The outside of the tubes cooled, forming solid walls, while something hotter inside allowed the remaining to flow out, forming caves.
1. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. How the caves were formed on Mars.
B. How NASA sent the pictures back to earth
C. Caves on Mars may be full of hot air or a sign(迹象)of life.
D. Scientists have completely recognized the surface of Mars.
2. We can learn from the passage that __________.
A. water has already been found on Mars
B. the scientists found all the caves at night
C. it is certain that there is life in these caves
D. the surface of Mars is bitterly cold, radiation-soaked and dry
3. According to the passage, Dr. Clarke was so excited because ________.
A. such caves could provide energy for life
B. they had finally found the caves on Mars
C. such caves would be perfect places to search for life
D. There would be life on Mars.
4. Necessary conditions for life on Mars mentioned in the passage may include_________.
A. lava and energy B. water and radiation from space
C. gases and lava D. water and protection from radiation
5. what does the underlined word “ the planet” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. the Mars B. the earth C. the caves D. radiation
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Winter begins in the north on December 22nd. People and animals have been doing what they always do to prepare for the colder months. Squirrels (松鼠), for example, have been busy gathering nuts from trees. Well, scientists have been busy gathering information about what the squirrels do with the food they collect.
They examined differences between red squirrels and gray squirrels in the American state of Indiana. The scientists wanted to know how these differences could affect the growth of black walnut (黑胡桃) trees. The black walnut is the nut of choice for both kinds of squirrels. The black walnut tree is also a central part of some hardwood forests.
Rob Swihart of Purdue University did the study with Jake Goheen, a former Purdue student now at the University of New Mexico. The two researchers estimate that several times as many walnuts grow when gathered by gray squirrels as compared to red squirrels. Gray squirrels and red squirrels do not store nuts and seeds in the same way. Gray squirrels bury nuts one at a time in a number of places. But they seldom remember where they buried every nut. So some nuts remain in the ground. Conditions are right for them to develop and grow the following spring. Red squirrels, however, store large groups of nuts above ground. Professor Swihart calls “death traps for seeds”.
Gray squirrels are native to Indiana. But Professor Swihart says their numbers began to decrease as more forests were cut for agriculture. Red squirrels began to spread through the state during the past century.
The researchers say red squirrels are native to forests that stay green all year, unlike walnut trees. They say the cleaning of forest land for agriculture has helped red squirrels invade Indiana. Jake Goheen calls them a sign of an environmental problem more than a cause.
1.The study done by Rob Swihart and Jake Goheen is to ________.
A.find out the living conditions for squirrels
B.learn squirrels’ influence on black walnut trees
C.do something to get rid of squirrels
D.save the forests in the American state of Indiana
2.The difference between gray squirrels and red squirrels mainly lies in ________.
A.the way they gather the walnut
B.the time they have winter sleep
C.the place they have winter sleep
D.the place they store the walnuts
3.When Professor Swihart says “death traps for seeds”, he actually means that ________.
A.red squirrels eat more nuts than gray squirrels
B.gray squirrels and red squirrels will have severe fights
C.nuts above the ground will not develop into plants
D.seeds can be traps for other animals in the forest
4.According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A.The black walnut is equally attractive to both gray and red squirrels.
B.Gray squirrels do more harm to the forest than red squirrels.
C.Red squirrels and gray squirrels have helped the spread of walnut trees.
D.The cleaning of forest land benefits red squirrels directly.
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Winter begins in the north on December 22nd. People and animals have been doing what they always do to prepare for the colder months. Squirrels(松鼠), for example, have been busy gathering nuts from trees. Well, scientists have been busy gathering information about what the squirrels do with the food they collect.
They examined differences between red squirrels and gray squirrels in the American state of Indiana. The scientists wanted to show how these differences could affect the growth of black walnut(黑胡桃)trees. The black walnuts is the nut of choice for both kinds of squirrels. The black walnut tree is also a central part of some hardwood forests.
Rob Swihart of Purdue University did the study with Jake Goheen, a former Purdue student now at the University of New Mexico. The two researches estimate(估计)that several times as many walnuts grow when gathered by gray squirrels as compared to red squirrels. Gray squirrels and red squirrels do not store nuts and seeds in the same way. Gray squirrels bury nuts one at a time in a number of places. But they seldom remember where they buried every nut. So some nuts remain in the ground. Conditions are right for them to develop and grow the following spring. Red squirrels, however, store large groups of nuts above ground. Professor Swihart calls "death traps for seeds".
Gray squirrels are native to Indiana. But Professor Swihart says their numbers began to decrease as more forests were cut for agriculture. Red squirrels began to spread through the state during the past century.
The researchers say red squirrels are native to forests that stay green all year, unlike walnut trees. They say the cleaning of forest land for agriculture has helped red squirrels invade Indiana. Jake Goheen calls them a sign of an environmental problem more than a cause.
1.The study done by Rob Swihart and Jake Goheen is to ____ .
A. Find out how squirrels collect walnuts
B. Learn squirrels' influence on black walnut trees
C. Do something to get rid of squirrels
D. Save the forests in the American state of Indiana
2.The difference between gray squirrels and red squirrels lies in ____.
A. The way they gather the walnut B. The time they have winter sleep
C. The place they have winter sleep D. The place they store the walnuts
3.What could be inferred from this text?
A. Agricultural in Indiana has been well developed
B. Gray squirrels will be replaced by red squirrels in Indiana.
C. The spread of red squirrels will do harm to walnuts trees in Indiana
D. The government will take some measures to protect black walnut trees.
高一英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
首字母填空
1.Scientists have been doing some r________ on how to improve the life expectancy of people.
2.Doctors risking their life to fight against COVID-19 really d________ to be respected.
3.She returned home and found her furniture had been r________ by the flood.
4.Another 30 million U.S. dollars, d________ by China to the World Health Organization have been used in support of global efforts to the construction of public health systems.
5.Mary worked as a t________ secretary in her spare time for three months and ended up getting a full-time job.
6.Because of the economic crisis, more and more people lose their jobs, feeling very s________.
7.The Olympic Games function as a stage where all p________ show their talents and spirits in various competitions.
8.No matter how c________ the situation was, he could deal with it calmly and successfully.
9.Since the coronavirus came from nature, no country should be b________ for the pandemic.
10.There is no p________ that the disappearance of bees has a close connection with the radiation of the mobile phones.
高一英语单词拼写中等难度题查看答案及解析
Why can’t some people even get an inch of what they dream of becoming? Blame it on pure dreaming and lack of surrounding goals for achieving their dreams.
Setting goals is very significant part of accomplishing and positive actions. It is like scaling(攀爬)a 200 feet construction and marking in the early hours on what feet you would like to reach at this specific period.
People who set goals literally generate a map of their goal settings in life, marking where they should start, where to study a bit, and where and when to end. Once this map coms into being, it allows the map drawer to check where he is in the scheme(安排)of things and whether or not he is making some planning that will take him closer to his goals.
By surrounding goals, people will know how they are doing and what they should be doing to get their goals or dreams in life. They will know if they can relax or if they have to double their efforts when they are falling short of what is expected of them.
Goal surroundings means a persons proactive in dealing with challenges that may affect his plans. Being proactive means one is able to outline possible difficulties that may occur as well as the solutions to these difficulties. By doing this, a person is not easily scared or defeated when challenges occur because he has already prepared for them. He knows they can happen and he has prepared a solution or strategy when that time comes.
Setting goals will enable people to track their progress in whatever hard work they set out to do. It will help people become more confident in themselves and more motivated to get their plans.
1.The purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. explain the difference between the two goals.
B. show the importance of surrounding goals.
C. tell us how to set and achieve one's goals.
D. tell us setting goals makes one confident.
2.The underlined word “proactive” in paragraph 5 may have the closest meaning to “________”.
A. positive B. careful
C. brave D. prepared
3.According to the author, one had better ________ in making a goal in life.
A. take an active attitude B. create a scheme as a whole
C. consider the possible troubles D. check where he is frequently
4.From the passage, we can reach the conclusion that ________.
A. achievements come to those who are well prepared
B. everyone faces the situation which is scaring or threatening
C. the higher one sets his goal, the more achievements he will have
D. success never comes to people who always blame
高一英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
Why can’t some people even get an inch of what they dream of becoming? Blame it on pure dreaming and lack of setting goals for achieving their dreams.
Setting goals is very significant part of accomplishing and positive actions. It is like scaling (攀爬) a 200 feet construction and marking in the early hours on what feet you would like to reach at this specific period.
People who set goals literally generate(形成) a map of their goal settings in life, marking where they should start, where to pause, where to study a bit, and where and when to end. Once this map comes into being, it allows the map drawer to check where he is in the scheme(安排) of things and whether or not he is making some planning that will take him closer to his goals.
By setting goals, people will know how they are doing and what they should be doing to get their goals or dreams in life. They will know if they can relax or if they have to double their efforts when they are falling short of what is expected of them.
Goal setting means a person is proactive in dealing with challenges that may affect his plans. Being proactive means one is able to outline possible difficulties that may happen as well as the solutions(解决方法)to these difficulties. By doing this, a person is not easily scared or defeated when challenges happen because he has already prepared for them. He knows they can happen and he has prepared a solution or strategy when that time comes.
Setting goals will enable people to track their progress in whatever hard work they set out to do. It will help people become more confident in themselves and more motivated to get their plans.
1.The purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. explain the difference between the two goals
B. show the importance of setting goals
C. tell us how to set and achieve one’s goals
D. tell us setting goals makes one confident
2.The underlined word “proactive” in paragraph 5 may have the closest meaning to “________”.
A. positive B. careful C. brave prepared
3.According to the author, one had better ________ in making a goal in life.
A. take an active attitude
B. create a scheme as a whole
C. consider the possible troubles
D. check where he is frequently
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Why can’t some people even get an inch of what they dream of being? Blame it on pure dreaming and lack of surrounding goals for achieving their dreams.
Setting goals is very significant part of accomplishing and positive actions. It is like scaling(攀爬) a 200 feet construction and marking in the early hours on what feet you would like to reach at this specific period.
People who set goals literally generate a map of their goal settings in life, marking where they should start, where to pause, where to study a bit, and where and when to end. Once this map comes into being, it allows the map drawer to check where he is in the scheme(安排) of things and whether or not he is making some planning that will take him closer to his goals.
By surrounding goals, people will know how they are doing and what they should be doing to get their goals or dreams in life. They will know if they can relax or if they have to double their efforts when they are falling short of what is expected of them.
Goal surroundings means a person is proactive in dealing with challenges that may affect his plans. Being proactive means one is able to outline possible difficulties that may occur as well as the solutions to these difficulties. By doing this, a person is not easily scared or defeated when challenges occur because he has already prepared for them. He knows they can happen and he has prepared a solution or strategy when that time comes.
Setting goals will enable people to track their progress in whatever hard work they set out to do. It will help people bee more confident in themselves and more motivated to get their plans.
1.The purpose of this passage is to _______________.
A. explain the difference between the two goals.
B. show the importance of surrounding goals.
C. tell us how to set and achieve one’s goals.
D. tell us setting goals makes one confident.
2.The underlined word “proactive” in paragraph 5 may have the closest meaning to “________”.
A. positive B. careful
C. brave D. prepared
3.According to the author, one had better ___________ in making a goal in life.
A. take an active attitude
B. create a scheme as a whole
C. consider the possible troubles
D. check where he is frequently
4.From the passage, we can reach the conclusion that___________________.
A. achievements come to those who are well prepared
B. everyone faces the situation which is scaring or threatening
C. the higher one sets his goal, the more achievements he will have
D. success never es to people who always blame
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Do you like spicy food?
What’s your opinion on spicy food? Some people cannot handle even the smallest amount of chili-red pepper-in their dinner while others can’t get enough of it.
Scientists have long been puzzled by why some people love chili while others loathe it. Plenty of research has been done on the subject, dating as far back as the 1970s. Previous results showed that a love of chili is related to childhood experiences, and cultural influences affect our taste buds too. But the latest study has found that a person’s love of spicy food may be linked to his or her personality more than anything else, CBC News reported.
‘We have always assumed that liking drives intake-we eat what we like and we like what we eat. But no one has actually directly bothered to connect these personality traits with intake of chili peppers,’ said Professor John Hayes from Pennsylvania State University, who led the study.
But before you look at the study, you should first know that “spicy” is not a taste, unlike sour, sweet, bitter and salty. It is, in fact, a burning sensation that you feel on the surface of your tongue. This got scientists thinking that maybe a love of spicy food is brought about by people’s longing for thrill, something they usually get from watching action movies or riding a roller coaster.
In the study, 97 participants, both male and female, were asked to fill out questionnaires about certain traits of their personality, for example, whether they like new experiences or tend to avoid risks. They were then given a glass of water with capsaicin, the plant chemical that makes a chili burn, mixed into it.
By comparing the answers to the questionnaire and what participants said they felt about the spicy water, researchers found that those who tended to enjoy action movies or take risks were about six times more likely to enjoy the spicy water.
Interestingly, we used to believe that the reason some people can withstand spicy food is that their tongues have become less sensitive to it. However, this latest study has found otherwise. “It’s not that it doesn’t burn as badly, it’s that you actually learn to like the burn,” Hayes explained.
1.What’s the meaning of the underlined word “loathe” in the second paragraph?
A. dislike B. fear
C. put up with D. adapt to
2.What did Professor John Hayes and his team discover from their study?
A. what we eat actually helps to develop our personalities
B. Males are more likely to enjoy spicy food than females
C. Those trying to avoid risks tend to be less interested in spicy food
D. People are wrong to treat spicy as a kind of taste rather than a feeling
3.Why do some people like spicy food according to the recent study?
A. Because their taste buds have become less sensitive
B. Because they love the burning sensation
C. Because they want to challenge themselves
D. Because the more they try spicy food, the less it burns
4.What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. What he or she likes to eat mainly decides on his or her personality
B. That a person enjoys spicy food depends largely on the personality
C. His or her childhood experiences decide on his or her personality
D. His or her cultural background decides on his or her personality
高一英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Do You Have’ Social Jet Lag(社交时差)?
People who have different sleep patterns on the weekends than they do during the work week may experience “social jet lag”.1. For every hour of social jet lag, the risk of being overweight or obese rises about 33%,says researcher Till Roenneberg, PhD, a professor at the Institute of Medical Psychology at the University of Munich.
Roenneberg, who created the term, says social jet lag is caused by the shift in sleep schedule that many people experience on their days off, compared to work days.2.
It goes like this: You don’t have to get up for work so you don’t take trouble setting the alarm. That means you get up an hour or two later than you might during the work week.3.
As a result, many people get more sleep on their days off than they do during the week, and they sleep on a slightly different schedule-a schedule that is closer to their body’s natural rhythms.
4. “The behavior looks like most people on a Friday evening fly from Paris to New York or from Los Angeles to Tokyo and on Monday they fly back. Since this looks like almost a travel jet lag situation, we call it social jet lag.” he says.
5.When you arrive in a different place, the sun is coming up and setting at a different time, and your body can reset its own clock to match. With social jet lag, the schedule disturbance is lasting because a person stays in the same place. “They have to live a life almost in a different time zone in comparison to their biological clock,”Ronneberg says.
A.Sleep, he thinks ,should get more respect.
B.He guesses that it affects about two-thirds of the population.
C.A key difference between travel jet lag and social jet lag, however, is light.
D.And depending on what type of person you are, the difference can be significant.
E.Roenneberg explains switching sleep schedules this way feels like changing time zones.
F.A new study shows this shift in sleep schedule is connected with obesity.
G.You may also push your bedtime back so you can go out with friends.
高一英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析