Work started this week on next season’s flu vaccine (疫苗), with experts working off forecasts about which types of the flu virus will be making the rounds. But don’t expect any improvements. Flu experts are already admitting that most vaccines will give at best basic protection, because they’re based on old-fashioned technology. It’s not a new problem, but one that the slow-moving world of drug and vaccine production seems helpless to improve upon.
Every flu vaccine is a cocktail, aimed at either three or four of the most common flu types. Flu vaccines must be recreated every year because flu viruses develop constantly in a process called antigenic drift. In February, global flu experts gather to trade notes on what viruses are circulating in different countries and to come to an agreement on which types the next vaccines should be made to target.
In recent years, flu vaccines have been based on H1N1, H3N2 and either one or two types of influenza B virus. Each of these has a “reference” type, which is used to make seed virus. Producers add the seed types to eggs and incubate (孵) them as the virus grows. Then they purify the virus, and either weaken it or kill it to make a vaccine.
Using eggs is a tricky (=difficult) and unpredictable process. Sometimes the virus doesn’t grow well in eggs, which can mean less vaccine than expected. The result is a flu vaccine that doesn’t offer much protection. “As long as we have eggs we are going to have this problem,” said Scott Hensley, a flu virus expert, “The only solution is not to depend on eggs.”
Flu is a major killer. The 2017-2018 season has been a severe one, hitting the entire U. S. with widespread influenza infection (感染) at once for weeks on end, and killing 97 children so far. Against this threat, even a less satisfying flu vaccine will definitely help. “Even when you have these mismatches it will not prevent infection but likely prevent disease severity,” said Hensley.
1.Next season flu vaccine fails to improve because ______.
A. it has offered the best protection
B. experts can’t forecast the flu types
C. it is based on outdated technology
D. experts are unwilling to respond to changes
2.According to Paragraph 2, flu experts ______ in February.
A. exchange views on the virus types next season
B. get together and make a deal on vaccines
C. sign an agreement on vaccine production
D. decide on how to circulate the viruses
3.The risk of using eggs to make vaccines may be that ______.
A. seeds are less likely to get protection
B. viruses might not be developed as expected
C. there are not enough eggs to be used
D. whether vaccines will grow is hard to predict
4.What message does the underlined sentence convey?
A. The U. S. is faced with serious flu attacks.
B. Egg-based vaccines are better than nothing.
C. There is something wrong with flu vaccines.
D. Flu vaccines can stop the disease spreading.
高二英语阅读理解困难题
Work started this week on next season’s flu vaccine (疫苗), with experts working off forecasts about which types of the flu virus will be making the rounds. But don’t expect any improvements. Flu experts are already admitting that most vaccines will give at best basic protection, because they’re based on old-fashioned technology. It’s not a new problem, but one that the slow-moving world of drug and vaccine production seems helpless to improve upon.
Every flu vaccine is a cocktail, aimed at either three or four of the most common flu types. Flu vaccines must be recreated every year because flu viruses develop constantly in a process called antigenic drift. In February, global flu experts gather to trade notes on what viruses are circulating in different countries and to come to an agreement on which types the next vaccines should be made to target.
In recent years, flu vaccines have been based on H1N1, H3N2 and either one or two types of influenza B virus. Each of these has a “reference” type, which is used to make seed virus. Producers add the seed types to eggs and incubate (孵) them as the virus grows. Then they purify the virus, and either weaken it or kill it to make a vaccine.
Using eggs is a tricky (=difficult) and unpredictable process. Sometimes the virus doesn’t grow well in eggs, which can mean less vaccine than expected. The result is a flu vaccine that doesn’t offer much protection. “As long as we have eggs we are going to have this problem,” said Scott Hensley, a flu virus expert, “The only solution is not to depend on eggs.”
Flu is a major killer. The 2017-2018 season has been a severe one, hitting the entire U. S. with widespread influenza infection (感染) at once for weeks on end, and killing 97 children so far. Against this threat, even a less satisfying flu vaccine will definitely help. “Even when you have these mismatches it will not prevent infection but likely prevent disease severity,” said Hensley.
1.Next season flu vaccine fails to improve because ______.
A. it has offered the best protection
B. experts can’t forecast the flu types
C. it is based on outdated technology
D. experts are unwilling to respond to changes
2.According to Paragraph 2, flu experts ______ in February.
A. exchange views on the virus types next season
B. get together and make a deal on vaccines
C. sign an agreement on vaccine production
D. decide on how to circulate the viruses
3.The risk of using eggs to make vaccines may be that ______.
A. seeds are less likely to get protection
B. viruses might not be developed as expected
C. there are not enough eggs to be used
D. whether vaccines will grow is hard to predict
4.What message does the underlined sentence convey?
A. The U. S. is faced with serious flu attacks.
B. Egg-based vaccines are better than nothing.
C. There is something wrong with flu vaccines.
D. Flu vaccines can stop the disease spreading.
高二英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
——The research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is challenging and demanding. Who do you think can do the job?
——____ Tom have a try?
A. Shall B.Can C.Will D.Need
高二英语单项填空困难题查看答案及解析
This year’s flu season is pretty scary. To try to minimize the effects, public officials are still urging anyone who hasn’t yet gotten their flu shot to get one as soon as possible. However, even if every single person got a shot in the arm, the vaccine(疫 苗)—with its excellent 36 percent effectiveness—would not prevent everyone from getting infected with the annoying virus. Knowledge is power, so here's what goes on in your body when you come down with the flu.
The influenza virus primarily attacks your nose, throat, and the tubes that lead to your lungs. But the flu is so much more than that. Your muscles ache, your head hurts, and your appetite goes down, among other things. To our surprise, almost all of these symptoms have less to do with the virus itself than with your immune( 免 疫 的)response to them. Unfortunately, the very defense you have in place to get rid of the flu is the reason you feel so painful when you recover.
The virus usually enters through your mouth, typically by way of your hands . But it takes a few days for symptoms to set in. While this process might cause some harm to your nose and throat, it's nothing major, and nothing like the symptoms that typically accompany a bad or even mild case of the flu.
The real fun starts when your immune system begins to fight. Your immune system comes in two parts: the innate system and the adaptive. The innate immune system is essentially an all-purpose tool. As soon as your body senses the presence of any injury or invader , the innate immune system launches into action by producing tiny proteins called cytokines and chemokines. The cytokines reproduce almost immediately and start to attack the virus. This increase in immune cells creates a serious inflammation( 炎 症 ) throughout the body. But the worst is still to come.
Meanwhile, the chemokines work with the adaptive immune system to help create T cells. These cells are a special type of white blood cell that works in a much more specific way: They find the influenza virus, identify what's special about it, and create something unique on their surface that finds and destroys similar invaders.
1.What can we infer from Paragraph 1?
A. All the vaccine is not effective.
B. No one can avoid catching this year's flu.
C. This year's flu is the most serious one in recent years.
D. Public health officials have to use a gun when necessary.
2.Why many parts of your body suffer while you're recovering from a flu?
A. Because recovery from illness is painful.
B. Because your immune system is working against your defense system.
C. Because your body is fighting hard against the flu.
D. Because the influenza virus attacks your nose, throat and other parts.
3.The underlined word “fun” in Paragraph 4 can be replaced by .
A. joy B. battle
C. action D. program
4.What's the main idea of Paragraph 4?
A. The fight between innate immune system and the adaptive.
B. The categories of immune system.
C. The way immune system works.
D. The process of the development of immune system.
高二英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
New York Fashion Week’s annual fall/winter collection had a surprising addition this season. She’s Tao Huabi,the 71-year-old founder of Lao Gan Ma chili sauce.
Portraits of Tao were printed on designer hoodies(卫衣).The event was part 1.the fashion week’s China Day promotion—a joint effort with e-commerce giant Alibaba. The activity aims 2.(put) popular Chinese brands on an international stage.
Underneath Tao’s portrait were printed the Chinese characters for “lao gan ma.” The right and left sleeves, respectively, show English words ‘‘ sauces queen.’ and the Chinese characters for “national diva(国民女神The item 3.(sell) in the U.S. throughout New York Fashion Week for $120. At home it was given away as 4.surprise gift to customers 5. purchased Lao Gan Ma food products on Tmall on China Day. They were also, of course, sold on Tmall.
Many Chinese netizens feel 6. (strong) nostalgic(怀旧的)for the sauces that have delighted their taste buds for two decades. Tao 7. (found) the Lao Gan Ma company in 1997, and has since expanded her business into a 7.5-billion-yuan empire. Today her name is synonymous with(与...同义)the brand 8. (it), and her products are beloved by 9.(local)and foreigners alike.
This season, Tao’s chili sauces is one of several domestic brands 10. (invite) by Alibaba to feature at New York Fashion Week. Others include a traditional Chinese medicine company, cosmetic brands, and a mineral water company.
高二英语语法填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。
1.When will the man start his new job?
A. Tomorrow. B. Next week. C. Next month.
2.Why is the man paying for the woman’s lunch?
A. She helped him a lot.
B. It is his turn to pay.
C. He wants to congratulate her.
高二英语长对话困难题查看答案及解析
根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
America’s holiday shopping season started on Black Friday, the day after Thanksgiving.
1. Shoppers make the most money this time of year, about 20 percent to 30 percent of all revenue all year. About 136 million people shopped during the Thanksgiving Holiday weekend.
2. In an era of instant information, shoppers can use their mobile phones to find deals. Nearly 80 percent of this year’s holiday shoppers, or about 183.8 million people, shopped on Cyber Monday. 3. Online spending on Black Friday rose 15 percent to hit $2.7 billion this year. Cyber Monday spending increased 12 percent to $3 billion. NBC News reported that for many, shopping online was a more comfortable alternative than crowded malls.
The shift to online shopping has had a big impact on solid shopping malls. Since 2010, more than 24 shopping malls have closed and an additional 60 are struggling. Fortune says the weakest of the malls have closed. However, the business in malls is thriving again, it adds. According to a survey, 94.2percent of malls were full with shops by the end of 2014. 4.
The average American consumer will spend about $805 on gifts. That’s about $630.5 billion between November and December – an increase of 3.7 percent from last year.
5. That goes to China’s Singles’ Day, celebrated on November 11, which posted record sales of $14.3 billion in 2015.
A.More and more people shop online nowadays.
B.That is the highest level in 27 years.
C.It is the busiest shopping day of the year.
D.One-in-five Americans used a tablet or smart-phone.
E.The traditional mall industry can hardly survive.
F.Cyber Monday falls on the Monday after Thanksgiving and Black Friday.
G.Nonetheless, Cyber Monday is not the biggest online shopping day in the world.
高二英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
根据短文内容,从短文后面的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
America’s holiday shopping season started on Black Friday, the day after Thanksgiving. 1. Retailers(零售商) make the most money this time of year, about 20 percent to 30 percent of all revenue all year. About 136 million people shopped during the Thanksgiving Holiday weekend.
2. In an era of instant information, shoppers can use their mobile phones to find deals. Nearly 80 percent of this year’s holiday shoppers, or about 183.8 million people, shopped on Cyber Monday. 3. Online spending on Black Friday rose 15 percent to hit $2.7 billion this year. Cyber Monday spending increased 12 percent to $3 billion. NBC News reported that for many, shopping online was a more comfortable alternative than crowded malls.
The shift to online shopping has had a big impact on solid shopping malls. Since 2010, more than 24 shopping malls have closed and an additional 60 are struggling.
Fortune says the weakest of the malls have closed. 4. According to a survey, 94.2 percent of malls were full with shops by the end of 2014. That is the highest level in 27 years.
The average American consumer will spend about $805 on gifts. That’s about $630.5 billion between November and December — an increase of 3.7 percent from last year.
5. That goes to China’s Singles’ Day, celebrated on November 11, which posted record sales of $14.3 billion in 2015.
A.Cyber Monday falls on the Monday after Thanksgiving and Black Friday.
B.Nonetheless, Cyber Monday is not the biggest online shopping day in the world.
C.One-in-five Americans used a tablet or smart-phone.
D.It is the busiest shopping day of the year.
E.The traditional mall industry can hardly survive.
F.More and more people shop online nowadays.
G.However, the business in malls is thriving again, it adds.
高二英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
—I can start to work next Monday.
—_________ then. I am glad to be able to offer you the job.
A. You can't be serious. B. You're welcome.
C. That's right. D. It's settled.
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
—I can start to work next Monday.
—____________ then. I am glad to be able to offer you the job.
A. You can't be serious. B. You're welcome.
C. That's right. D. It's settled.
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
I will have a holiday next week and I can’t decide what to do. I have a lot of work to do ___________ and this would be a good chance ___________. But I don’t like ___________ the holiday in such a way.I can work at home all the rest of the year.
Last year I went ___________ to the mountains. ___________ there was beautiful, but it is too cold this time of a year. And it’s really___________ far to go for a short holiday. I decide ___________ this isn’t a good time to___________the mountains.But I___________to go somewhere else.Perhaps this would be a good chance to go to the beach(海滨).I like to go for walks___________the seashore ___________the warm sunshine and watch the water. It’s only eight miles away and I could get there ___________about two hours. After thinking it___________,I am sure that this is a ___________time for the seashore than___________ .
Oh, here is a ___________ from Jim. He ___________ he is going to his house in the mountains for the___________,and he___________ me to go with him.___________ giving it some more thought, I wrote back to Jim and thanked him for that.
1.A. at home B. at house C. in school D. in factory
2.A. do it B. doing that C. to do it D. with that
3.A. to take B. to spend C. having D. asking
4.A. the north B. for north C. north D. to north
5.A. Nothing B. Everything C. Somebody D. Anything
6.A. very B. enough C. rather D. too
7.A. that B. what C. whether D. when
8.A. go B. go to C. go for D. leave
9.A. want B. wanted C. shall want D. was wanting
10.A. on B. by C. beside D. along
11.A. on B. during C. in D. under
12.A. in B. for C. with D. after
13.A. about B. of C. over D. on
14.A. good B. fine C. better D. best
15.A. home B. the mountains C. big cities D. country villages
16.A. gift B. call C. letter D. notice
17.A. says B. tells C. speaks D. talks
18.A. weekend B. holiday C. Sunday D. trip
19.A. want B. wish C. hopes D. asks
20.A. When B. With C. Without D. As
高二英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析