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Learning New Vocabulary during Deep Sleep
Sleeping time is sometimes considered unproductive time. This raises the question whether the time spent asleep could be used more productively, e.g. for learning a new language? Up-to-now sleep research focused on the stabilization and strengthening of memories that had been formed during wakefulness. However, learning during sleep has rarely been examined. There is enough evidence for wake-learned information undergoing a revision by replay in the sleeping brain. The replay during sleep strengthens the still weak memory and leaves the newly acquired information in the pre-existing store of knowledge.
If re-play during sleep improves the storage of wake-learned information, then first-play, i.e. the initial processing of new information, should also be possible during sleep.
The research group of Katharina Henke examined whether a sleeping person is able to form new semantic（语义的）associations between played foreign words and translation words during the brain cells’ active states, the so-called “Up-states.” It turned out to be that what they thought was reasonable. When we reach deep sleep stages, our brain cells progressively coordinate their activity. During deep sleep, the brain cells are commonly active for a brief period of time before they jointly enter into a state of brief inactivity. The active state is called “Up-state” and the inactive state “Down-state”. The two states alternate（交替）about every half-second.
New evidence for sleep-learning challenges current theories of sleep and theories of memory. The concept of sleep that we are separated from the physical environment is no longer reasonable. "It’s false that complex learning be impossible during deep sleep," says Simon Ruch, co-first-author. "In how far and with what consequences deep sleep can be applied for the acquisition of new information will be a topic of research in upcoming years," says Katharina Henke.
The research group of Katharina Henke is part of the Interfaculty Research Cooperation (IRC). Thirteen research groups in medicine, biology and psychology are part of the IRC. The aim of these research groups is to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms（原理）involved in sleep and consciousness.
1.Which of the followings haven’t sleep researchers achieved so far?
A. People can learn vocabulary during deep sleep.
B. Memories can be stable and strong during sleep.
C. Wake-learned information can appear in the sleeping brain.
D. Re-play during sleep improves the storage of wake-learned information.
2.What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A. “Up-state” and “Down-state” appear in turn during deep sleep.
B. “Up-states” is another name for the brain cells’ active states.
C. Semantic associations are important for language learning.
D. The brain cells’ active states are central for sleep-learning.
3.What will researchers do within several years according to the passage?
A. Make study in the following fields such as medicine and biology.
B. Separate us from the physical environment.
C. Apply deep sleep for information learning.
D. Discover the concept of sleep.
4.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce a new way of vocabulary learning.
B. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms.
C. To challenge current theories of sleep and theories of memory.
D. To explain the possibility of vocabulary learning during deep sleep.
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
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Learning new cultures is one of my favorite things to do.
College is a time for new and exciting experiences as well as a time to explore diverse and innovative(创新的)ideas. What could be better than traveling to China to learn about their ideas, history, and culture? I believe studying abroad is something that every college student should do to help to expand his or her horizons, and to appreciate everything the world has to offer. I spent the first eight of my early years living abroad in two countries. From this rich period of growth, I acquired an identity as a global citizen, and the skills to independently navigate life in a foreign culture. It seems appropriate to support my next jump in life with an abroad experience that will show the directions in which I have grown since my early years, as well as provide a unique context for exploring the limits of my education.
Here is an undeniable advantage to living and studying in China; to be submersed in (投入)the Chinese life is the only way to fully understand and learn about how the country impacts and is impacted by the rest of the world. Not only am I learning about China, but I have also come to appreciate other countries in the world from a different point of view. Being in China has given me the change to learn in a different environment, and I do not think there is any better way to learn the culture than to actually be there. I have a very strong admiration for the Chinese language, people, and culture. I will continue to apply my newfound knowledge to my entire life and the way I look at the world around me.
1.What does the author say about studying abroad?
A. College can be barrier to study abroad
B. Studying abroad can replace the college education
C. Not every college student suits for studying abroad
D. Studying abroad can enrich the experiences of living abroad
2.What did the author benefit from living abroad?
A. Skills to live independently
B. All nationalities of the world
C. Growing to be a strong person
D. Unlimited education chances
3.What does the author advise students to do about learning foreign cultures?
A. Learn foreign cultures locally
B. When in Rome, do as the Romans do
C. Appreciate cultures from different point of views
D. Try to impact foreign cultures with their own ones
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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If your clear intention is to add a thousand or more new words to your present vocabulary---- add them permanently, unforgettably ---- add them so successfully that you will soon find yourself using them in speech and writing, I advise you to take full advantage of this book by carefully following the laws of learning:
1.
Each chapter of this book may take one half hour to an hour and a half depending on the amount of material and on your own speed of learning. Do one or two chapters at a time. And always decide when you stop exactly and when you will return.
Do Not Rush
2. Everyone learns at a different pace. Fast learners are no better than slow learners. It’s the end result that counts, not the time it take you to finish.
Review
When you start a new chapter, go back to the last exercise of the previous chapter, cover your answer, and test your retention（记忆力） 3.
Test Yourself
You are not aiming for a grade. Or putting your worth on the line , when you take the Three Comprehensive Test (chapter 8, 13 and 17). 4. You are deciding where repairs have to be made. Especially, you are experiencing a feeling of success at work well done. Use these 3 tests as well as the abundant drill exercises , which aids to learning. No one is perfect and no one learns in the exact same way. 5. And then give yourself every opportunity to exploit your actual and potential abilities.
But most importantly, develop a routine and stick to it!
A. Remember to preview
B. Schedule your learning
C. Go at your own comfortable speed
D. Actually your discovering your weakness if any.
E. Real learning goes on only through active participation.
F. Find your best technique and speed for your unique learning patterns.
G. Do you have a quick recall after a day or you simply forget everything.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
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According to a new study， teens focus on rewards and have a hard time learning to avoid punishment or consider the consequences of alternative actions.
University College London researchers compared how teens and adults learn to make choices based on the available information. They tracked the way in which 18 volunteers aged 12-17 and 20 volunteers aged 18-32 completed tasks in which they had to choose between abstract symbols.
Each symbol was consistently associated with a fixed chance of a reward, punishment, or no outcome. As the trial progressed ， participants learned which symbols were likely to lead to each outcome and adjusted their choices accordingly. Teens and adults were equally good at learning to choose symbols associated with reward， but teens were less good at avoiding symbols associated with punishment. Adults also performed significantly better when they were told what would have happened if they had chosen the other symbol after each choice， while teens did not appear to take this information into account.
“From this experimental lab study we can draw conclusions about learning during the teen years. We find that teens and adults learn in different ways， something that might be relevant to education," said lead author Dr. Stefano Palminteri. " Unlike adults, teens are not so good at learning to adjust their choices to avoid punishment. This suggests that incentive systems based on reward rather than punishment may be more effective for this age group. Additionally, we found that teens did not learn from being shown what would have happened if they made alternative choices."
To interpret the results, the researchers developed computational models of learning and ran simulations （模拟）applying them to the results of the study. The first was a simple model, one that learned from rewards, and the second model added to this by also learning from the option that was not chosen. The third model was the most complete and took the full context into account, with equal weight given to punishment avoidance and reward seeking. For example, obtaining no outcome rather than losing a point is weighted equally to gaining a point rather than having no outcome.
Comparing the experimental data to the models, the team found that teens" behavior followed the simple reward-based model while adults" behavior matched the complete, contextual model. “Our study suggests that teens are more receptive to rewards than they are to punishments of equal value, ” said senior author Dr. Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. “As a result, it may be useful for parents and teachers to frame things in more positive terms.”
1.It can be learned from the study that .
A.adults made choices faster than teens
B.adults understood rewards better than teens
C.teens reacted better to reward than punishment
D.teens were aware of the outcome of each choice
2.What do we know about the three computational models?
A.They reflected people’s strong desire for punishment avoidance.
B.They gave circumstances different degrees of consideration.
C.They paid equal attention to reward and punishment.
D.They shaped the behavior of people at different ages.
3.The underlined word “receptive" in the last paragraph probably means .
A.accustomed B.opposed
C.sympathetic D.responsive
4.According to the writer, which of the following statements works best for teens?
A.“If you insist on doing things in this way， you will lose ten points. "
B.“If we had talked about this earlier， you wouldn’t have made the mistake. "
C.“ If you hand in your assignment ahead of time， you will get an extra bonus."
D.“If you want to approach a problem differently ， you can talk to your parents. "
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
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Progress _________ so far very good and he is sure that his new book will be finished on time．
A．was B．had been C．has been D．will be
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Learning new words is learning new ideas: High school students can take control of
their learning by always looking up new words and finding out what they mean. They should keep a dictionary and a thesaurus close at hand.
Make clear lists: Students should make a list of everything that they need to get done. They should check off assignments（作业）once completed. They should include clear due dates.
Make a commitment: Active learners will resolve to keep up –to-date from the start. They will avoid procrastinating. They will complete most of their work as early as possible.
Independent work is best: Students will do all assignments independently—they will never copy! Students who copy are passive learners. Passive learners do not give their mind a chance to think on its own.
Organization is key: Students should keep an excellent folder and notebook. All problems should be clearly stated and solutions given. All tests and quizzes should be corrected and used as study guides for exams and finals.
All actions without solutions are dead: Active learners will always show their work needed to solve a problem. Active learners will never turn in a list of answers without giving an explanation or a solution.
Advanced reading: Students should do any required reading for the topic before class. They should write an outline of the section or chapter. They should actively take notes as they read to help them remember.
1.If you want to be successful in exams and finals you should________.
A．give your mind a chance to think on its own
B．check off your papers once completed
C．keep an excellent folder and notebook
D．hand in your homework on time
2.What does the underlined word” procrastinating” mean?
A．be active doing something
B．finishing doing something
C．delaying doing something
D．doing something ahead
3.The best title of the passage is “________”.
A．How to Be an Effective Reader
B．How to Get Good Scores in Tests
C．How to Collect Academic Information
D．How to Actively Study in High School
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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It is described in her new book, one about sea life, ______this kind of fish lives in the deep sea.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
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（题文）
What does John find difficult in learning German？
A. Pronunciation. B. Vocabulary. C. Grammar.
高三英语短对话中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Language learning apps are very popular now and offer opportunities to learn vocabulary and practice grammar. But there has been a discussion about just how effective such apps can be.
Among the most popular apps are Duolingo and Busuu. A previous research found positive results on the use of them. But it mainly concentrated on studies with learners who had signed up to language courses and these apps worked as an after-class support, so the results were not always reliable. A recent study of 4,095 Busuu users has been carried out aimed to find out if users can actually learn a language with an app.
Busuu provides learning materials for 12 different languages. It offers special model where some content is available for free while some content is not. We find that its users are an even mix of men and women. More than half consider themselves to be at the beginner level as there is a decrease in users as their language levels go up. Most people use the app because of personal interest, or because they want to study or live abroad. Female users tend to use it less often but for longer periods of time than male users.
Getting any feedback on Busuu depends on whether your answer is correct or not. While it is helpful, this is not the sort of feedback language teachers prefer, as it does not explain why the answer is right or wrong. In spite of this, feedback in the app is very highly rated.
More than 92% of respondents state that the app has met their expectations and 86% rate the app as very good or good. In fact, more than 80% of the users surveyed strongly agree that using the app has helped them improve their knowledge of the language they are learning.
Besides, language learning apps also create an environment where mistakes are only known to the users, and this can address the performance anxiety that many learners suffer from when asked to speak a foreign language. So language teachers should encourage their students to use them to do the grammar work, leaving precious class time for more language communication.
1.The results of the former research weren’t always dependable because _________.
A. it was only carried out before class
B. it didn’t consider users in class
C. it just focused on positive results
D. it used out-of-date methods
2.What can we learn about the app Busuu from the text?
A. All the contents are free to use.
B. Most users consider it satisfying.
C. It’s used by more advanced learners.
D. It’s more popular with female learners.
3.Which of the following can probably replace the underlined word “address”?
A. deal with B. write down
C. turn to D. speak of
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A. Students won’t suffer anxiety in learning languages by using Busuu.
B. Language learning apps are effective and satisfactory to language learners.
C. Language learning apps are very popular with most language teachers.
D. Students should be required to use apps for homework after class.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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完形填空
Reading and learning new words is about finding their meaning and use within a passage. The meaning of unknown words which you _________ in your reading sometimes can be known by their _________， that is, their contexts. The context of the sentence can tell us the part of speech (词性) of the _________ word. Using the context of the paragraph to define unknown words can also be _________.
Readers often have trouble because they understand the sentence word by word instead the _________ meaning of a word, when they should identify the way it has been used in the passage.
One consideration in using the context is to determine the unknown word's part of speech. The words around the unknown word can give you __________. Once you know if the word is a noun or an adjective, it is often enough for you to __________ reading without having to stop to look up the meaning of the word. After coming across the word a few more times, you will know its meaning more __________ than if you had just looked it up.
Comparison clues indicate that two or more things are _________. A comparison is possible because the known and unknown words have ___________. The likeness shows you that comparisons can be made.
_________ clues tell you an example of an unknown word. Example clues are usually __________ by the following words and phrases: such as, for example, and like.
To find meaning from textbased clues, you should look for clues in the sentence. A second kind of clue does not ___________on specific words to indicate meaning. This kind of context clue is called a frameworkbased clue. Your knowledge of the meaning of surrounding words _________ you discover the meaning of a word or sentence. Common __________ and your knowledge of the parts of speech also help defining unknown words. For example, the angry driver shouted vehemently during his fight with the other driver. What does “vehemently” _________？ You know what ___________ means, and you know how people __________ when they argue. From this, you can __________ out that “vehemently” has something to do with strong __________ or intense feeling.
1.A.take down B．look up C．come across D．pick out
2.A.sentences B．words C．topics D．surroundings
3.A.unknown B．abnormal C．familiar D．negative
4.A.unique B．natural C．helpful D．common
5.A.correct B．inconvenient C．different D．satisfactory
6.A.cases B．reasons C．effects D．clues
7.A.translate B．interview C．continue D．examine
8.A.strangely B．uncertainly C．potentially D．firmly
9.A.alike B．meaningful C．proper D．great
10.A.properties B．similarities C．possibilities D．personalities
11.A.Popularity B．Consideration C．Example D．Comparison
12.A.affected B．adjusted C．changed D．introduced
13.A.focus B．spend C．carry D．rely
14.A.prevents B．helps C．tells D．displays
15.A.point B．taste C．awareness D．sense
16.A.mean B．use C．contain D．complete
17.A.angry B．grateful C．happy D．anxious
18.A.act B．say C．feel D．think
19.A.come B．figure C．take D．set
20.A.demand B．ambition C．attitude D．emotion
高三英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析