Piaget’s theory of cognitive(认知的) development...

Piaget’s　 theory　 of　 cognitive(认知的) development　 is　 a　 theory　 about　 the　 nature　 and development of human intelligence. It was first created by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980). The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually　 come　 to　 acquire,　 construct,　 and　 use　 it . Piaget’s　 theory　 is　 mainly　 known　 as　 a developmental stage theory.

To　 Piaget,　 cognitive　 development　 was　 a　 progressive　 reorganization　 of　 mental　 processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience differences between what they already　 know　 and　 what　 they　 discover　 in　 their　 environment,　 and　 then　 adjust　 their　 ideas accordingly. Besides, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism, and language is depending on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development.

Piaget’s earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centered classrooms and "open education" are direct applications of Piaget’s views. Despite its huge success, Piaget’s theory is not perfect and Piaget has recognized it himself: for example, the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development.

Piaget noted that reality is a dynamic system of continuous change. Reality is defined (给……下定义) in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states. Transformations refer to all manner of changes that a thing or person can experience. States refer to the conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations. For example, there might be changes in shape or form , in size, or in placement or location in space and time. Thus, Piaget argued, if human intelligence is to be adaptive, it must have functions to represent both the transformational and the static aspects of reality.

1.What does the underlined "it" in the first paragraph refer to?

A. The theory.

B. Cognitive development.

C. The knowledge itself.

D. The development of human intelligence.

2.Piaget’s theory of cognitive development　 　　　　　　　　　　　 .

A. has some limitations

B. applied "open education"

C. wasn’t well received in the beginning

D. is about human nature and development

3.What are the two conditions of reality?

A. Space and time.

B. Transformations and states.

C. Changes in shape and form.

D. The conditions and the appearances.

4.Which can serve as the best title for this text?

A. Piaget’s contribution to a theory

B. The applications of Piaget’s theory

C. The development of Piaget’s theory

D. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Watching a 3D movie can more than double the concentration powers and the cognitive（认知的）process of children,new re-search claims.

A study by visual technology firm Read and led by child psychologist Dr Richard Woolfson and associate lecturer at Goldsmiths Patrick Fagan suggests that children aged between 7 and 14 experienced twice the cognitive processing speed and performed better in tests after watching 20 minutes of a 3D film.

This suggests that children's attention spans have shortened in the last decade due to unlimited access to entertainment,including on-demand TV,gaming and social media.

A 2015 study claimed that watching 3D content had a similar effect to brain-training exercises.

Consumer psychologist Mr Fagan said that the increased stimulation found in watching something in 3D "exercised" the brain and improved performance in the short term.

3D films can play the role of brain-training "games and help to make children 'smarter' in the short term," he said. "The response speed after watching 3D was almost three times as quick as that gained from watching 2D; in other words,3D helps children process aspects of their environment more quickly.This is likely because 3D is a mentally exciting experience which 'gets the brain's juices flowing'."

1.How do we know the benefits of watching a 3D film?

A. Through introduction.　　 B. By taking an exam.

C. Through research.　　 D. By watching TV shows.

2.What's the meaning of the underlined word "stimulation" ?

A. Excitement.　　 B. Contents.

C. Cost.　　 D. Time.

3.Why does 3D have an advantage over 2D?

A. The time of watching 3D is short.

B. 3D can increase the reaction speed.

C. 3D can make children adapt the surroundings more quickly.

D. 3D can make more brain's power

4.What may be the best title for the text?

A. How 3D forms　　 B. What are 3D films

C. A study on 3D films　　 D. 3D films benefit children

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Watching a 3D movie can more than double the concentration powers and cognitive(认知) processing of children, a new research claims.

A study made by visual technology firm RealD and led by child psychologist Dr Richard Woolfson suggests that children aged between 7 and 14 experienced twice the cognitive processing speed and performed better in testing after watching 20 minutes of a 3D film. This is despite suggestions that attention spans(时期) in children have shortened in the last decade due to unlimited to access to entertainment, including on-demand TV, gaming and social media. A 2015 study claimed that watching 3D content had a similar effect to brain-training exercises.

Consumer psychologist Mr Fagan said that the increased stimulation(刺激) found in watching something in 3D "exercised" the brain and improved performance in the short term. "3D films can play the role of ‘brain-training’ games and help to make children ‘smarter’ in the short term," he said. "The shortening of response times after watching 3D was almost three times as big as that gained from watching 2D; in other words, 3D helps children process aspects of their environment more quickly. This is likely to be because 3D is a mentally stimulating experience which ‘gets the brain's juices flowing’."

The experiment saw children given a range of cognitive tests before watching 20 minutes of a movie in either 2D or 3D and being tested again. The results showed those who saw the 3D content reacted faster and performed bettering the second round of testing. Mental engagement also rose by 13% among 3D watchers. Child psychologist Dr Woolfson added that “supportive parenting” and regularly listening to classical music can also aid a child’s memory.

1.The reason why children perform better after watching a 3D movie is that ________.

A. a 3D movie makes their brain active

B. a 3D movie is more exciting than a 2D movie

C. children enjoy watching a 3D movie

D. children like the experience which “gets the brain’s juices flowing”

2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Only “supportive parenting” and listening to music can help a child’s memory.

B. The children in the experiment are tested only once.

C. All the children doubled the cognitive processing speed in testing.

D. Children’s attention spans have shortened in the past 10 years because of access of.

3.Where does this passage probably come from?

A. An exhibition guide.

B. A science textbook.

C. A science report.

D. An advertisement.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Three years ago I listened to a lecture on cognition(认知) that changed the way I think about intelligence. There are two types of cognition. The first is normal cognition: the ability to regain knowledge from memory. The second type of cognition: the ability to know whether or not you know.

Does this affect intelligence? In traditional education, intelligence is measured by cognitive ability. Some people can easily produce everything they know on a test. But others are awarded with poor grades and considered inferior.  But does this inability make them any less intelligent? If the question came up on a task, they could refer to a book or a quick Google search. In reality they’re just as effective as the people that ace(擅长) a test. They just can’t prove it as easily.

Metacognition is more important to success than cognition. A person with poor cognitive ability, but great metacognitive ability might do poorly in school, but when faced with a challenge, they understand their abilities and take the best course of action. For example, when faced with a question, a person with strong metacognitive ability will deal with it like this. If he knows the answer, but can’t come up with it, he can always do a bit of research. If he knows for sure that he doesn’t know, then he can start educating himself. Because he’s aware of his ignorance, he doesn’t act with foolish confidence. These people might not seem intelligent at first glance, but because they know what they know, they make better decisions and learn the most important things.

However, people with great cognitive ability but poor metacognitive ability may be considered excellent at a young age for acing every test and getting great SAT scores. Unfortunately, they’ve been ruined by poor metacognition: they think they know everything but they really don’t. They are arrogant (overconfident), fail to learn from mistakes, and don’t understand the slight differences of personal relationships, showing disregard for persons with lower cognitive ability. They may make the worst decisions.

The most important mental power is the ability to know what you don’t know. The recognition of a fault is the first step to improvement. Don’t try to hide a lack of knowledge. For intelligent people this is the toughest lesson to learn.

1.People with great cognitive ability tend to ________.

A. do well in tests                   B. be considered inferior

C. be more effective than others      D. do research when faced with a task

2.The underlined phrase “take the best course of action” probably means ________.

A. starting educating himself     B. taking action during the course

C. making the right decision      D. coming up with many ideas

3.People with poor metacognition may not succeed because they ________.

A. lack basic moral values            B. have improper self evaluation

C. fail to communicate with others    D. show little respect for others

4.The author probably supports the idea that ________.

A. intelligence is measured by cognitive ability

B. cognition is the most important mental power

C. the toughest lesson is to distinguish the two types of cognition

D. the awareness of one’s ignorance contributes to one’s improvement

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Janice Fialka showed a new documentary (纪录片) about her cognitively (认知地) disabled son at schools and seminars across the country.Everyone seemed to enjoy it，but one comment from a teacher proved her family’s investment to Fialka was a success.

“In Baltimore an early childhood teacher came up and said，‘I have to apologize to the family of a 4­year old with Down Syndrome (先天愚型)，’”Fialka said.“She said，‘I told them to be more realistic about their dreams for him.Now I have to tell them I’m sorry.’”

The story of Micah Fialka­Feldman，a 22­year­old Oakland University student，is meant to show parents，educators and the disabled anything is possible.

Fialka­Feldman wrote in an essay titled “I wanted to go to college and my dream came true”．A lot of people didn’t think he could go to college，but because family and friends believed in him he learned how to take public transportation to campus and found teachers who helped him pick the best classes.

The title of the film Through the Same Door came from a day when Fialka­Feldman，who was enrolled in a first grade special education program，told his parents he wanted to walk through the same door as the rest of the kids at his school.It led him to becoming the first student with cognitive disabilities in mainstream classrooms in Berkley.

Though he can’t read or write on his own，Fialka­Feldman reached amazing heights with the help of voice recognition computer software，tutors，and the embrace (接受) of his community.

At Berkley High School，Fialka­Feldman won the Social Studies Department Award for civic (公民的) involvement.In 2004 he received the Michigan “Yes，I Can” award for self­advocacy (自强)．

He finished high school in 2003 with a certificate of attendance，took a 10­day trip through Israel with friends last year，and enrolled at Oakland University through the Transitions Program，which is geared (使适合于) to help the disabled go from high school to college.

Fialka said he’s the happiest kid in the world.Everyone should be so happy.

1.What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Disabled Man Living His Dream

B．Nothing Is Impossible

C．Don’t Look Down Upon the Disabled

D．Through the Same Door

2.What the early childhood teacher said suggests that________.

A．disabled people should be realistic about their dreams

B．she used to believe we should not expect much from disabled people

C．she hadn’t given the 4­year old with Down Syndrome enough attention

D．the documentary about Fialka­Feldman encouraged the disabled

3.Which of the following is NOT true about Fialka­Feldman?

A．He was the first cognitively disabled student in mainstream classrooms in Berkley.

B．He went to school by public transportation and was helped to pick up classes.

C．He benefited from computer software and other people.

D．He received the “Yes，I Can” award for civic involvement and self­advocacy

4.Which of the following shows the correct order of events of Fialka­Feldman?

a．He received the Michigan “Yes，I Can” award.

b．His documentary was shown and welcomed.

c．He was enrolled in a first grade special education program.

d．He finished high school with a certificate of attendance.

e．He enrolled at Oakland University through the Transitions Program.

A．a­c­d­e­b　                         B．b­a­c­d­e

C．c­d­e­a­b　                         D．c­d­b­e­a

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Can training Your Working Memory Make You Smarter?

We would all like to increase our cognitive(认知的)ability beyond the limits set by Mother Nature. So it’s no wonder that brain-training programmes—which typically focus on training our working memory—are a multibillion-dollar industry. But can this kind of training really make us smarter?

Cognitive training sees the brain as a kind of muscle that can be made stronger with the right kind of practice. It consists of tasks or games carried out on computers or smart phones. Despite much research, there has so far been no agreement about its effectiveness. Some think that cognitive training increases a broad range of cognitive abilities, while others less optimistic.

Yet we do know that some cognitive skills, such as working memory and intelligence, tend to go together and are predictors of real-life skills such as work performance. Thus, training one cognitive skill might lead to an improvement in many other cognitive and non-cognitive skills. That is exactly the underlying hypothesis(假设)on which working-memory training is based.

To test this hypothesis, we examined all the studies about working-memory training we could find with normally developing children: 26 experiments and 1,601 total participants. Children represent an ideal test group: during childhood, skills are still at the beginning of their development. Thus, cognitive training is more likely to succeed with children than adults.

The results were very clear. Working-memory training did not show any effect on children’s fluid intelligence, a person’s ability to solve new problems and adapt to new situations. It didn’t influence their academic achievement or other cognitive abilities, either. The only reliable effect was that children got better at what they trained to do. No more, no less. So performing working-memory tasks does seem to make you better at doing them. Nonetheless, the fact that participants got better at such tasks does not necessarily mean that their working-memory ability increased. They may just have learnt how to perform that particular type of task.

The results do indicate that the use of working-memory training programs as an educational tool is fruitless. More generally, together with other research, the results contribute to disproving cognitive training companies promises of a better brain.

The results have even more important implications theoretically. They question the hypothesis that training general cognitive mechanisms can affect other cognitive or real-life skills. Beyond working-memory training, other recent studies have shown the improving cognitive skills outside music-including academic skills.

However, these negative results must not discourage us from training our cognitive and non-cognitive skills. We just have to be aware of the actual limitations of such practice in areas outside what we are actually training. But that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t do it-the most efficient way to develop a skill is, after all, to train that skill.

1.To find out the effect of working memory training, the author ________.

A. made some scientific studies

B. reviewed the previous research

C. compared different test groups

D. got some children involved in the experiment

2.Children joining in the experiments were able to __________.

A. do better in the field where they are trained

B. obtain greater academic achievements

C. adjust to new situations quickly

D. succeed when they deal with real life problems

3.What is the author’s attitude toward the cognitive training?

A. Pessimistic　　 B. Disapproving

C. Objective　　 D. Optimistic

4.Cognitive training is likely to _______ according to the passage.

A. discover the secrets of human minds

B. make one’s brain stronger by way of practice

C. earn a good name for the training company

D. bring much profit to the training companies

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Play allows children to use their creativity while developing their imagination and physical, cognitive (认知的), and emotional strength. Play is important to healthy brain development. Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles. Undirected play allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, and to resolve conflicts.

Ideally, much of play involves adults, but when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce (顺从) to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them, particularly in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills. In contrast to passive entertainment, play builds active, healthy bodies. In fact, it has been suggested that encouraging unstructured play may be an exceptional way to increase physical activity levels in children, which is one important strategy in the resolution of the obesity problem.

Children’s development is critically influenced by appropriate, affective relationships with loving and consistent caregivers as they relate to children through play. When parents observe their children in play or join with them in child-driven play, they are given a unique opportunity to see the world from their children’s vantage point as the child navigates a world perfectly created just to fit his or her needs. The interactions that occur through play tell children that parents are fully paying attention to them and help to build enduring relationships. Parents who have the opportunity to look at their children’s world learn to communicate more effectively with their children and are given another setting to offer guidance. Less verbal children may be able to express their views, giving their parents an opportunity to gain a fuller understanding of their perspective. Quite simply, play offers parents a wonderful opportunity to engage fully with their children.

Play is essential to the academic environment. It ensures that the school setting attends to the social and emotional development of children as well as their cognitive development. It has been shown to help children adjust to the school setting and even to strengthen children’s learning willingness. Social-emotional learning is best integrated (融合) with academic learning; it is concerning if some of the forces that enhance children’s ability to learn are improved at the expense of others. Play and unscheduled time that allow for peer interactions are important components of social-emotional learning.

1.Compared with undirected play, play which is controlled by adults ________.

A. doesn’t benefit the children at all

B. doesn’t help develop leadership and group skills

C. makes children become more active

D. helps increase physical activity levels

2.The third paragraph mainly tells us that ________.

A. play offers parents a good chance to establish good relationships with children

B. children’s development is greatly influenced by relationships with parents

C. play helps children better express their views

D. play offers parents a unique opportunity to see the world from a different perspective

3.From the last paragraph, we know that ________.

A. play can’t help children become adapted to the school setting

B. play makes social-emotional learning and academic learning separated

C. play is beneficial to social-emotional learning as well as academic learning

D. it is necessary to strengthen children’s academic development at the expense of others

4.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Undirected play can help children develop team spirit.

B. Play can improve children’s willingness to learn.

C. Play helps adults gain a better understanding of the children’s thoughts.

D. Adults shouldn’t be involved in children’s play.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Standard Cognition, a startup company. in California, has developed technology that works like 　 of Amazon Go, but it seeks to sell its artificial intelligence system to businesses for use in their own stores

A.the one B.those C.that D.one

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

In 1960，Douglas McGregor developed a leadership theory about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions(看法)about people.He referred to these two perceptions as Theory X and Theory Y．Douglas then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager's perception of people.

In Theory X，Douglas summarizes the traditional view of management in a number of characteristic assumptions in which authoritarian(专制的)leadership style，close supervision and the hierarchical principle are the key elements.Theory X starts from the assumption that people are naturally lazy，want to avoid work as much as possible，have no ambition and prefer to be supervised.The authoritarian leadership style is therefore the most appropriate leadership style.The system of rewards and punishments works best for employees.

Douglas starts from the assumption in Theory Y that people have different needs.Theory Y assumes that people are inherently happy to work，they want to exert themselves and they are motivated to pursue objectives.There is no need for the system that involves rewards and punishments.People are prepared to take responsibility for everything they do.People want to use their creativity and they like to take a creative problem solving approach.

The central principle of Theory Y is that of integration：individuals can achieve their own goals by also focusing their efforts on the objectives of the organization they work for.They want to get the most out of their work through satisfaction，appreciation and motivation.Theory Y therefore assumes that control，rewards and punishments are not the only ways to stimulate people.

A democratic leadership style arises on the basis of Theory Y which allows the employees to have a greater say.Encouragement and rewards are used rather than control and supervision.Employees are given an opportunity to develop themselves and put their capabilities to good use.When an organization does not respond to this，employees will start looking for possibilities to explore their skills outside their work.

1.According to Douglas，what mainly determines a manager's working style?

A.What he expects to achieve in work.

B.What his own personality is.

C.What he thinks employees are like.

D.What he is in charge of in a company.

2.Which of the following statements is true according to Theory Y?

A.Employees have the motivation to work and achieve.

B.Rewards should never be involved in work place.

C.Responsible people are always well prepared for work.

D.Creativity will encourage employees to solve problems.

3.What is the biggest difference between the two theories?

A.To control or encourage. B.To reward or punish.

C.To suspect or respect. D.To instruct or follow.

4.What would be the best title for the text?

A.Douglas，Thinker of Management

B.How to Manage Your Employees

C.Douglas' X Y Theory of Management

D.The Roles of Managers and Employees

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Today scientists describe the universe ______ two basic partial theories—the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics(量子理论).

A. in terms of　　 B. in memory of　　 C. in favor of　　 D. in honor of

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析