In 1960，Douglas McGregor developed a leadership theory about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions(看法)about people.He referred to these two perceptions as Theory X and Theory Y．Douglas then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager's perception of people.
In Theory X，Douglas summarizes the traditional view of management in a number of characteristic assumptions in which authoritarian(专制的)leadership style，close supervision and the hierarchical principle are the key elements.Theory X starts from the assumption that people are naturally lazy，want to avoid work as much as possible，have no ambition and prefer to be supervised.The authoritarian leadership style is therefore the most appropriate leadership style.The system of rewards and punishments works best for employees.
Douglas starts from the assumption in Theory Y that people have different needs.Theory Y assumes that people are inherently happy to work，they want to exert themselves and they are motivated to pursue objectives.There is no need for the system that involves rewards and punishments.People are prepared to take responsibility for everything they do.People want to use their creativity and they like to take a creative problem solving approach.
The central principle of Theory Y is that of integration：individuals can achieve their own goals by also focusing their efforts on the objectives of the organization they work for.They want to get the most out of their work through satisfaction，appreciation and motivation.Theory Y therefore assumes that control，rewards and punishments are not the only ways to stimulate people.
A democratic leadership style arises on the basis of Theory Y which allows the employees to have a greater say.Encouragement and rewards are used rather than control and supervision.Employees are given an opportunity to develop themselves and put their capabilities to good use.When an organization does not respond to this，employees will start looking for possibilities to explore their skills outside their work.
1.According to Douglas，what mainly determines a manager's working style?
A.What he expects to achieve in work.
B.What his own personality is.
C.What he thinks employees are like.
D.What he is in charge of in a company.
2.Which of the following statements is true according to Theory Y?
A.Employees have the motivation to work and achieve.
B.Rewards should never be involved in work place.
C.Responsible people are always well prepared for work.
D.Creativity will encourage employees to solve problems.
3.What is the biggest difference between the two theories?
A.To control or encourage. B.To reward or punish.
C.To suspect or respect. D.To instruct or follow.
4.What would be the best title for the text?
A.Douglas，Thinker of Management
B.How to Manage Your Employees
C.Douglas' X Y Theory of Management
D.The Roles of Managers and Employees
高三英语阅读理解困难题
In 1960，Douglas McGregor developed a leadership theory about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions(看法)about people.He referred to these two perceptions as Theory X and Theory Y．Douglas then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager's perception of people.
In Theory X，Douglas summarizes the traditional view of management in a number of characteristic assumptions in which authoritarian(专制的)leadership style，close supervision and the hierarchical principle are the key elements.Theory X starts from the assumption that people are naturally lazy，want to avoid work as much as possible，have no ambition and prefer to be supervised.The authoritarian leadership style is therefore the most appropriate leadership style.The system of rewards and punishments works best for employees.
Douglas starts from the assumption in Theory Y that people have different needs.Theory Y assumes that people are inherently happy to work，they want to exert themselves and they are motivated to pursue objectives.There is no need for the system that involves rewards and punishments.People are prepared to take responsibility for everything they do.People want to use their creativity and they like to take a creative problem solving approach.
The central principle of Theory Y is that of integration：individuals can achieve their own goals by also focusing their efforts on the objectives of the organization they work for.They want to get the most out of their work through satisfaction，appreciation and motivation.Theory Y therefore assumes that control，rewards and punishments are not the only ways to stimulate people.
A democratic leadership style arises on the basis of Theory Y which allows the employees to have a greater say.Encouragement and rewards are used rather than control and supervision.Employees are given an opportunity to develop themselves and put their capabilities to good use.When an organization does not respond to this，employees will start looking for possibilities to explore their skills outside their work.
1.According to Douglas，what mainly determines a manager's working style?
A.What he expects to achieve in work.
B.What his own personality is.
C.What he thinks employees are like.
D.What he is in charge of in a company.
2.Which of the following statements is true according to Theory Y?
A.Employees have the motivation to work and achieve.
B.Rewards should never be involved in work place.
C.Responsible people are always well prepared for work.
D.Creativity will encourage employees to solve problems.
3.What is the biggest difference between the two theories?
A.To control or encourage. B.To reward or punish.
C.To suspect or respect. D.To instruct or follow.
4.What would be the best title for the text?
A.Douglas，Thinker of Management
B.How to Manage Your Employees
C.Douglas' X Y Theory of Management
D.The Roles of Managers and Employees
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _____ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the _____, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ___________, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from _____ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of _____ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to _____ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general _____. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional _____ managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without _____ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:_____ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be ______ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has ______ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to ______ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or ______ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the ______ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1.A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2.A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3.A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4.A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5.A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6.A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7.A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8.A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9.A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10.A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11.A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12.A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13.A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14.A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15.A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
高三英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _____ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the _____, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ___________, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from _____ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of _____ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to _____ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general _____. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional _____ managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without _____ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:_____ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be ______ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has ______ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to ______ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or ______ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the ______ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1.A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2.A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3.A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4.A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5.A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6.A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7.A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8.A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9.A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10.A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11.A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12.A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13.A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14.A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15.A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
高三英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Piaget’s theory of cognitive(认知的) development is a theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It was first created by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980). The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it . Piaget’s theory is mainly known as a developmental stage theory.
To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience differences between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, and then adjust their ideas accordingly. Besides, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism, and language is depending on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development.
Piaget’s earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centered classrooms and "open education" are direct applications of Piaget’s views. Despite its huge success, Piaget’s theory is not perfect and Piaget has recognized it himself: for example, the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development.
Piaget noted that reality is a dynamic system of continuous change. Reality is defined (给……下定义) in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states. Transformations refer to all manner of changes that a thing or person can experience. States refer to the conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations. For example, there might be changes in shape or form , in size, or in placement or location in space and time. Thus, Piaget argued, if human intelligence is to be adaptive, it must have functions to represent both the transformational and the static aspects of reality.
1.What does the underlined "it" in the first paragraph refer to?
A. The theory.
B. Cognitive development.
C. The knowledge itself.
D. The development of human intelligence.
2.Piaget’s theory of cognitive development .
A. has some limitations
B. applied "open education"
C. wasn’t well received in the beginning
D. is about human nature and development
3.What are the two conditions of reality?
A. Space and time.
B. Transformations and states.
C. Changes in shape and form.
D. The conditions and the appearances.
4.Which can serve as the best title for this text?
A. Piaget’s contribution to a theory
B. The applications of Piaget’s theory
C. The development of Piaget’s theory
D. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Bad events like "serious illness of a family member" were high on the list, but so were some helpful life-changing events like marriage.
When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not show how you deal with stress － it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you deal with these events dramatically (戏剧性的) affects your chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran titles like "Stress causes illness".
If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy the articles said avoid stressful events. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous , many — like the death of a loved one — are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription (处方) for staying away from chances as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The idea that all stress makes you sick also takes no notice of a lot of what we know about people. It supposes we' re all vulnerable and not active in the face of the difficult situation. But what about human ability and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental strength than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom and physical and mental pressure.
1.The result of Holmes-Rahe’s medical research tells us _________________.
A. the way you deal with major events may cause stress
B. what should be done to avoid stress
C. what kind of event would cause stress
D. how to deal with sudden changes in life
2.The studies on stress in the early 1970s led to ___________________.
A. popular avoidance of stressful jobs
B. great fear over the mental disorder
C. a careful research into stress-related illnesses
D. widespread worry about its harmful effects
3.The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ________________.
A. how you can deal with life-changing events
B. how helpful events can change your life
C. how stressful a major event can be
D. how much pressure you are under
4.Why is “such simplistic advice” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) impossible to follow?
A. No one can stay on the same job for long.
B. No prescription is effective in reducing stress.
C. People have to get married someday.
D. You could be missing chances as well.
5.According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become _______.
A. nervous when faced with difficulties B. physically and mentally tired
C. more able to deal with difficulties D. cold toward what happens to them
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress — it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness!” If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.
But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many — like the death of a loved one — are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The concept that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in face of tough conditions. But what about human initiative (主动性) and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental strength than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.
1.The result of Holmes-Rahe’s medical research tells us ________.
A. how to handle major events causes stress
B. what should be carried out to avoid stress
C. how to deal with sudden changes in life
D. what kind of event would cause stress
2.The studies on stress in the early 1970s led to ________.
A. great fear over the mental disorder
B. popular avoidance of stressful jobs
C. widespread worry about its harmful effects
D. a careful research into stress-related illnesses
3.Which of the following expressions is the closest in meaning to the underlined phrase in paragraph 2?
A. was summarized as B. was quarrelled about
C. was made clear D. was brought to an end
4.Why is “such simplistic advice” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) impossible to follow?
A. People have to get married someday.
B. You could be missing chances as well.
C. No prescription is effective in reducing stress.
D. No one can stay on the same vocation for long.
5.According to the passage, people who have experienced ups and downs may become _____.
A. more flexible to deal with difficulties
B. nervous in face of various difficulties
C. physically and mentally exhausted
D. insensitive toward what happens to them
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the ____ that drama evolved from ritual( 宗教仪式). The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings ____ the natural forces of the world -even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to ____ these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to ____ the desired results were then kept and repeated until they changed into ____ rituals. ____ stories arose which explained or masked the mysteries of the rituals. As times passed, some rituals were ____, but the stories, later called myths, continued to exist and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rituals contained the ____ of theatre because music, dance, masks, and ____ were almost always used. ____, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and _____the entire community did not participate, a(n) ____ division was usually made between the “area of acting” and the “area in which an audience sits”. Besides, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was ____ to avoiding mistakes in the practice of rituals, religious leaders usually ____ that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often imitated (模仿) other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed (用哑剧表演出) the ____ effect―success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun- ____ an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representatives were separated from ____ activities.
Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in ____. According to this view, tales about the hunt, war or other things are told and gradually spread. ____ through the use of action and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily gymnastic or that are ____ of animal movements and sounds.
1.A.background B.assumption C.evidence D.theory
2.A.viewed B.employed C.clarified D.dismissed
3.A.take B.possess C.guarantee D.control
4.A.start B.show C.bring D.continue
5.A.usual B.direct C.convincing D.fixed
6.A.Apparently B.Actually C.Eventually D.Naturally
7.A.spread B.abandoned C.followed D.celebrated
8.A.seed B.content C.myth D.history
9.A.costumes B.routines C.instructions D.performances
10.A.As a result B.In fact C.On the contrary D.In addition
11.A.when B.how C.unless D.while
12.A.deep B.equal C.clear D.extra
13.A.attached B.related C.committed D.tied
14.A.put up B.took up C.took on D.put on
15.A.unexpected B.unpredicted C.prepared D.desired
16.A.whenever B.as C.whatever D.so
17.A.social B.political C.economic D.religious
18.A.accounts B.story-telling C.descriptions D.drama-writing
19.A.at that time B.at a time C.at first D.at once
20.A.imitations B.creatures C.presentations D.exhibitions
高三英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium”. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or super natural beings, and mimed the desired effect －success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun －as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.
Another story traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.
1.What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The origins of theater. B. The role of ritual in modern dance.
C. The importance of storytelling. D. The variety of early religious activities.
2.What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph?
A. The reason drama is often unpredictable.
B. The seasons in which dramas were performed.
C. The connection between myths and dramatic plots.
D. The importance of costumes in early drama.
3.According to the passage, what is the main difference between ritual and drama?
A. Ritual uses music whereas drama does not.
B. Ritual is shorter than drama.
C. Ritual requires fewer performers than drama.
D. Ritual has a religious purpose and drama does not.
4.The passage supports which of the following statements?
A. No one really knows how the theater began.
B. Myths are no longer represented dramatically.
C. Storytelling is an important part of dialogue.
D. Dramatic activities require the use of costumes.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
There are many theories about how drama (戏剧) came into being in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama developed gradually from ceremonies. The argument for this view goes as follows.
In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then kept and repeated until they hardened into fixed ceremonies. Eventually stories arose which explained the mysteries of the ceremonies. As time passed, some of them were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths (神话), provided materials for art and drama
Those who believe that drama came out of ceremonies also argue that those ceremonies contained the seed of theater because music, dance, and masks were almost always used. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the rules of ceremonies, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks, they often impersonated (扮演) other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and performed the desired effect by gestures -- success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival (复活) of the Sun -- as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.
Another theory finds out the theater came from the human Interest in storytelling. According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other events) are gradually formed, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a speaker and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person A closely related theory about drama traces to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations (模仿) of animal movements and sounds.
1.Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?
A．Three theories about how drama came into being are mentioned.
B．The majority of people believe drama came from ceremonies.
C．Stories were made up to explain the mysteries of the ceremonies.
D．Religious activities developed gradually from ceremonies.
2.We can infer from the passage that ______.
A．all measures couldn't bring the desired results
B．religious leaders usually didn't perform in the ceremonies
C．mistakes are unavoidable in the religious ceremonies
D．performers usually used languages to reach the desired results
3.The underlined part "traces to" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A．dates back to B．is devoted to C．gives way to D．is familiar to
4. The best title for the text would be ______.
A．The Development of Drama B．The History of Drama
C．The Origin of Drama D．The Popularity of Drama
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
With the right encouragement and tools, children can develop leadership qualities that are important to help them succeed in all areas of life. Leadership activities and games help build these skills by enabling children to become more self-aware and improve their self-respect.
Good leaders can convey their thoughts and feelings effectively. Poetry, short stories or drawing are ideal activities to introduce children to the concept of leadership.
Ask children to think about what makes a great leader and then express their ideas.
Games like blind obstacle courses can build communication skills as well.
Planning and organizing is a fundamental leadership quality. Children can learn this skill by helping to plan a concert or play. Instead of assigning just one leader, divide the group into several small ones and assign leaders to each group. One group can be in charge of assigning roles and the second could be in charge of making invitations. How you distribute leadership roles will vary depending on the age of the children and what you have chosen to perform.
Compromise is a skill of many effective leaders. Goals are obtained faster when arguments don't slow the process. Activities that teach children the art of compromise help them to negotiate with friends and family naturally. Group science projects, for example, can help enable children to learn how to compromise and negotiate. The success or failure of the project will depend on the children's ability to negotiate and work together.
The ability to work well with others is another important leadership skill. Team sports like baseball can teach children how to work as a group and that their contribution is important to the overall success of the team. This builds their confidence and encourages them to think beyond themselves and their individual needs.
1.What activities can be used to introduce children to the concept of leadership? (No more than 5 words) (2 marks)
2.How can children learn an important leadership quality according to Paragraph 3? (No more than 8 words) (2 marks)
3.What is the principle of distributing leadership roles when planning a play? (No more than 8 words) (3 marks)
4.What's the main idea of Paragraph 4? (No more than 8 words)(3 marks)
高三英语其他题困难题查看答案及解析