In Japan many workers who work in large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. During their employment, they will not be laid off during recessions(经济萧条) or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is what they call capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and they also believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations by being more concerned about profits and less concerned about people.
Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only “regular employees”. Many employees are not included in this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These “irregular workers” make up about 10 percent of the non-agricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms keep some flexibility through the large-scale use of subcontractors(转承包者). This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.
The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased remarkably in Japan since the 1974-1975 recessions. All this leads some people to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority(资历). The difference then is probably less than the term “lifetime employment” suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual(合同的) terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, possessing lower productivity and lower pay.
61.It is stated in the second paragraph that ____.
A. defenders themselves do not appreciate the system
B. about 90% of “irregular workers” are employed in agriculture
C. the business cycle occurs more often in Japan and in the U.S.
D. not all employees can benefit from the policy
62. During recessions those who are to be fired first in the U.S. corporations are ____.
A. regular employees B. part-time workers
C. junior employees D. temporary workers
63. According to the passage, Japanese firms are remarkably different from American firms in that the former ____.
A. use subcontractors in larger amount
B. are less flexible in terms of lifetime employment
C. hold on to the values of society
D. are more efficient in competition than the latter
64. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that a Japanese worker is unwilling to change his job?
A. He will probably be low-paid.
B. He will not be able to possess some job benefits.
C. He has got used to the teamwork.
D. He will be looked down upon by his prospective employer.
65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
A. The guarantee of employment in Japan
B. The consequence of the Japanese system
C. The advantages of lifetime employment in Japan
D. The expectations of capitalism
高三英语阅读理解简单题
In Japan many workers who work in large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. During their employment, they will not be laid off during recessions(经济萧条) or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is what they call capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and they also believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations by being more concerned about profits and less concerned about people.
Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only “regular employees”. Many employees are not included in this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These “irregular workers” make up about 10 percent of the non-agricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms keep some flexibility through the large-scale use of subcontractors(转承包者). This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.
The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased remarkably in Japan since the 1974-1975 recessions. All this leads some people to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority(资历). The difference then is probably less than the term “lifetime employment” suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual(合同的) terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, possessing lower productivity and lower pay.
61.It is stated in the second paragraph that ____.
A. defenders themselves do not appreciate the system
B. about 90% of “irregular workers” are employed in agriculture
C. the business cycle occurs more often in Japan and in the U.S.
D. not all employees can benefit from the policy
62. During recessions those who are to be fired first in the U.S. corporations are ____.
A. regular employees B. part-time workers
C. junior employees D. temporary workers
63. According to the passage, Japanese firms are remarkably different from American firms in that the former ____.
A. use subcontractors in larger amount
B. are less flexible in terms of lifetime employment
C. hold on to the values of society
D. are more efficient in competition than the latter
64. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that a Japanese worker is unwilling to change his job?
A. He will probably be low-paid.
B. He will not be able to possess some job benefits.
C. He has got used to the teamwork.
D. He will be looked down upon by his prospective employer.
65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
A. The guarantee of employment in Japan
B. The consequence of the Japanese system
C. The advantages of lifetime employment in Japan
D. The expectations of capitalism
高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
In many factories computers have ___________ the work of thousands of workers.
A.taken place | B.taking place | C.taken place of | D.taken the place of |
高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
In many developed countries, people who have high degrees begin to work longer than those who don’t. About 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce (劳动人口), compared with 32% of men who only finish high school. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated wealthy and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound .
The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity (长寿) translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift (变化) will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling (渐增的) ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
Policies are partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap (获得) rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding (先前的) generation. Technological change may well reinforce (强化) that shift: the skills that complement (补充) computers, from management know-how to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
1.What is the common phenomenon in the workforce in rich countries?
A.Younger people are replacing the elderly.
B.People with no college degree cannot find any job.
C.Well-educated people tend to work longer.
D.Unemployment rates are decreasing year after year.
2.In view of the experience of the 20th century, many observers predict that ________.
A.there will be more competition in the job market
B.government budgets will decrease
C.more people will try to receive higher education
D.economic growth will slow down
3.According to the text, what is the result of policy changes in European countries?
A.Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.
B.Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.
C.People may be able to use computers to do more complicated work.
D.More and more people have to go abroad to hunt for jobs.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
For many foreigners who have visited or worked in China, one of their strong impressions is that the country is very safe. Here , you can go out alone late at night to eat at a food stand without feeling nervous. You can also let your younger children ride public transport all by themselves without worrying about their safety.
This year, 2018 , marks 8 special anniversary of the launching of the reform and opening up policy, which took place two score years ago in China. Over the past few decades, the country has achieved fast economic growth, while social peace and stability have been maintained(维护) to the fullest extent at the lowest cost. Of course, there are still unsolved problems. However, from the overall aspect, Chinese society remains harmonious and safe. In my eyes , this should be attributed(归于) largely to the cultural ;economic and political environment of the country.
A society can be stable and orderly only when its people can lead a prosperous(繁荣的) life. After the introduction of the reform and opening up policy, China achieved fast economic growth and significant scientific and technological progress. In the meantime, the Chinese government has taken various measures such 2s those to fight corruption, reduce poverty and promote the rule of law, in order to uphold social equity. Thanks to these efforts, the potential factors that might cause social problems have been greatly reduced.
Apart from government departments including the police and judicial(司法的) departments , the general public also contributes much to social governance. The development of information technology has created new ways of linking the police and the public. By jointly fighting crimes in such ways, the public and the police have developed an ever-increasing level of mutual trust and positive interaction.
The safety and stability in China did not come easily. Rather; it should be attributed to the efforts made by 1.3 ‘billion people. For both Chinese and foreigners living in the country, the sense of safety and security is very precious.
1.The main idea of the passage is that .
A. China has achieved fast economic growth and people are becoming rich
B. the Chinese government has taken various measures to fight social problems
C. the police and judicial departments work more effectively to maintain social stability
D. various factors contribute to the stability and safety of present China
2.In which year was the reform and opening up policy launched in China?
A. In 1968.
B. In 1978.
C. In 1988.
D. In 2008.
3.Which of the following can be concluded according to the passage?
A. Most foreigners lack a sense of safety when staying in China.
B. Government departments rather than the general public play an important role in keeping social peace and stability.
C. People’s prosperous life in a country can lead to a stable and orderly society.
D. Four basic reasons are listed throughout the passage for China’s stability and safety.
4.What is the tone of the text?
A. Negative.
B. Positive.
C. Humorous.
D. Doubtful.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
My father is a worker in authority over others who work in construction sites. When I was young,it was he who _______ me sympathy through modeling. It has always been a _______for me as I grow up _______other construction workers who work with him come to our house every Saturday because that is the time when he will _______their salaries for the week.
I know my father as someone who is a quiet man, just_______everyone around himself. He is someone who is _______when it comes to discipline but I have never been _______ when being raised by him. Maybe that is because I have seen his gentleness and_______to us and to others. Since he is a worker in _______,I often see him talking to the construction workers whenever they have problems. He is more like a father than a __________to them.
One day, he returned home, telling me that he would treat me to dinner because he had __________ his salary. Later that day,his friend,a fellow worker,came to our house just to talk to him and __________advice as to where he could go to seek assistance for his__________child. I saw how my father listened and__________his friend’s back while his friend was__________. When his friend was about to go home, my father got his wallet and gave his salary to him,__________only 2000 pesos in his wallet.
I was so __________when he did that,but so__________that my father was __________to give almost all of his salary to help his friend with his child in hospital. It is a lesson I will always__________.
1.A. asked B. gave C. taught D. designed
2.A. routine B. balance C. tendency D. sign
3.A. hearing B. seeing C. thinking D. smelling
4.A. increase B. accept C. spend D. pay
5.A. noticing B. kidding C. observing D. describing
6.A. loose B. strict C. lovely D. humorous
7.A. threatened B. loved C. hated D. envied
8.A. sympathy B. bravery C. determination D. cruelty
9.A. order B. rank C. charge D. turn
10.A. doctor B. superior C. colleague D. engineer
11.A. wasted B. asked C. reached D. received
12.A. ask for B. look for C. head for D. care for
13.A. naughty B. healthy C. sick D. happy
14.A. pressed B. beat C. patted D. struck
15.A. shouting B. crying C. thinking D. laughing
16.A. saving B. donating C. giving D. leaving
17.A. shocked B. scared C. frightened D. frustrated
18.A. sad B. angry C. bitter D. proud
19.A. mean B. unhappy C. surprised D. willing
20.A. forget B. treasure C. neglect D. reject
高三英语完形填空简单题查看答案及解析
Many years ago, I was working in an office in Halifax, Nova Scotia. We had a large ___that looked out over a busy street. I was standing by it one day when a woman in a __ car looked up and made eye contact. Naturally I ___. As she turned and tried to identify me, a quiet laugh __ my lips. My co-workers began taking an interest, and stood back watching the __ I received, and laughing happily. Then the stress of work was __ away.
Christmas was approached, and job ___were announced. Several of my co-workers were losing their jobs, and everyone was___. While I was working a night shift, a red jacket, a box of foam(泡沫橡胶)packing and strips of tape in the corner attracted my __. They could be Santa’s jacket and beard! Then I folded a red file into a __ and tied the beard to it. The next day I walked __ down into the office in the costume. My co-workers __ around me and laughed for the first time in weeks. Suddenly, my boss came up to me, __, shook his head and then left. I feared __. Then the phone rang.
With a bead of sweat __ my forehead, I entered the boss’ office. __, he laughed: “Thanks, Mike! It’s been hard to enjoy the Christmas season. Thanks for the laugh. I __ it.”
That evening, I stood __ by the window and waved at my fans, with my heart __ with joy. For a few minutes of that day, we’d been able to forget our __.
1.A. board B. window C. roof D. curtain
2.A. working B. wandering C. passing D. following
3.A. waved B. ignored C. shouted D. shook
4.A. obtained B. locked C. grasped D. escaped
5.A. concerns B. feelings C. reactions D. actions
6.A. given B. turned C. washed D. broken
7.A. loads B. time C. arrangement D. cuts
8.A. depressed B. excited C. confused D. awkward
9.A. notice B. attention C. appreciation D. consideration
10.A. jacket B. tie C. vest D. hat
11.A. sadly B. nervously C. embarrassedly D. bravely
12.A. got B. gathered C. turned D. presented
13.A. approached B. backed off C. stepped in D. paused
14.A. closure B. difficulty C. trouble D. mistake
15.A. pulling down B. rolling down C. flowing on D. moving on
16.A. Lastly B. Thus C. Instead D. However
17.A. needed B. deserved C. declared D. shared
18.A. happily B. carefully C. hopefully D. silently
19.A. filled B. covered C. equipped D. loaded
20.A. weakness B. faults C. losses D. changes
高三英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Some developed countries in the world have begun to shorten working hours. Japan, on the other hand, has been in the culture of overwork. The problem is so severe that the country has even created a term for it: karoshi, which means death by overwork from stress-induced illnesses or severe depression. If the system of four-day workweek is tested in Japan, what will happen?
A growing number of smaller companies are adopting a four-day workweek. Now the results of a recent trial at Microsoft (MSFT) suggest it could work even for the biggest businesses.
The company introduced a program this summer in Japan called the “Work Life Choice Challenge,” which shut down its offices every Friday in August and gave all employees an extra day off each week.
The results were promising: While the amount of time spent on work was cut dramatically, productivity — measured by sales per employee — went up by almost 40% compared to the same period the previous year, the company said in a statement last week.
In addition to reducing working hours, managers urged the staff to cut down on the time they spent in meetings and responding to emails.
They suggested that meetings should last no longer than 30 minutes. Employees were also encouraged to cut down on meetings altogether by using an online messaging app (Microsoft’s, of course).
The effects were widespread. More than 90% of Microsoft’s 2,280 employees in Japan later said they were impacted by the new measures, according to the company. By shutting down earlier each week, the company was also able to save on other resources, such as electricity.
1.Why is the idea four-day workweek tested in Japan?
A.Because overwork has caused serious problems.
B.Because the offices must be shut down on Friday.
C.Because the staff can get extra days to rest easily.
D.Because smaller companies have taken the measure.
2.What’s the result of adopting a four-day workweek?
A.It is a waste of energy.
B.The workers earned less money.
C.The working efficiency increases greatly.
D.Japan’s unemployment rate is barely rising.
3.How can the time the staff spent on meetings be reduced?
A.By cancelling meetings.
B.By using emails to respond.
C.By cutting down working hours.
D.By using a certain online messaging app.
4.What is the staff’s attitude to the new measures?
A.Supportive. B.Negative. C.Critical. D.Indifferent.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
“Drive-ins” have large parking lots _______ customers are served in their cars by waitresses.
A. who B. when C. which D. where
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
In recent years many countries have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts believe that the answer is to make jobs more varied. Do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is something to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not make him work harder. So variety is not important.
Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is very little that can be done to achieve this.
Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are said to be experimenting with having many small production lines rather than a large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem then that the degree of worker contribution is important.
To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important, but perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if companies succeed in making workers' jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
72. Which of the following things will not increase productivity?
A. Making jobs more varied.
B. Longer working hours.
C. Giving workers the freedom to do his jobs in their own way.
D. Increasing the workers' contribution to production.
73. The last sentence in this passage means that if companies manage to make workers' jobs more interesting, _________.
A. they will want more money
B. they will demand shorter working hours
C. more money and shorter working hours are important
D. more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them
74. In this passage, the writer tells us _________.
A. how to make the workers more productive
B. possible factors leading to greater productivity
C. more money leads to greater productivity
D. how to make workers' jobs more interesting
75. The writer of this passage is probably a _____________.
A. teacher B. worker C. manager D. physics
高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
“Drive-ins” have large parking lots ______ customers are served in their cars by waitresses.
A.who B.when C.which D.where
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析