If you are a male and you are reading this ,congratulations: you are a survivor .According to statistics, you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman ,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you will die on average five years before a woman.
There are many reasons for this-typically, men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor.
“Men aren’t seeing doctors as often as they should, ” says Dr. Gullotta, “This is particularly so for the over-40s,when diseases tend to strike.” According to a recent survey, 95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group.
“A lot of men think they are invincible （不可战胜的）,”Gullotta says. “They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, Geez, if it could happen to him……”
Then there is the ostrich(鸵鸟) approach, “ Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know, ” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.
“Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,” Cartmill says .He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. “Prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. Besides, the final cost is far greater, it is called premature death.”
1.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?
A. Their can live longer than they expected.
B. They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.
C. They have lived long enough to read this article.
D. They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.
2.Which of the author’s statements is the most important reason that men die five years earlier on average than women according to the passage?
A. Men drink and smoke much more than women.
B. Men don’t seek medical care as often as women.
C. Men are more likely to suffer from deadly diseases.
D. Men aren’t as cautions as women in face of danger.
3.Which of the following best completes the sentence “Geez, if it could happen to him,…’?
A. it could happen to me, too
B. it would be a big misfortune.
C. I should avoid playing golf.
D. I should consider myself lucky.
4.What does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by “the ostrich approach”(in para.5)
A. A casual attitude towards one’s health conditions.
B. A new theatment for certain psychological problems.
C. Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.
D. Unwillingness to find out about one’s disease because of fear.
5.What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?
A.They may increase public expenses
B.They will save money in the long run
C.They may cause psychological strains on men
D.They will enable men to live as long as women
高三英语阅读理解简单题
If you are a male and you are reading this ,congratulations: you are a survivor .According to statistics, you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman ,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you will die on average five years before a woman.
There are many reasons for this-typically, men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor.
“Men aren’t seeing doctors as often as they should, ” says Dr. Gullotta, “This is particularly so for the over-40s,when diseases tend to strike.” According to a recent survey, 95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group.
“A lot of men think they are invincible （不可战胜的）,”Gullotta says. “They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, Geez, if it could happen to him……”
Then there is the ostrich(鸵鸟) approach, “ Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know, ” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.
“Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,” Cartmill says .He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. “Prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. Besides, the final cost is far greater, it is called premature death.”
1.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?
A. Their can live longer than they expected.
B. They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.
C. They have lived long enough to read this article.
D. They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.
2.Which of the author’s statements is the most important reason that men die five years earlier on average than women according to the passage?
A. Men drink and smoke much more than women.
B. Men don’t seek medical care as often as women.
C. Men are more likely to suffer from deadly diseases.
D. Men aren’t as cautions as women in face of danger.
3.Which of the following best completes the sentence “Geez, if it could happen to him,…’?
A. it could happen to me, too
B. it would be a big misfortune.
C. I should avoid playing golf.
D. I should consider myself lucky.
4.What does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by “the ostrich approach”(in para.5)
A. A casual attitude towards one’s health conditions.
B. A new theatment for certain psychological problems.
C. Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.
D. Unwillingness to find out about one’s disease because of fear.
5.What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?
A.They may increase public expenses
B.They will save money in the long run
C.They may cause psychological strains on men
D.They will enable men to live as long as women
高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
If you’re a male and you’re reading this, congratulations: you’re a survivor. According to statistics, you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer as a woman, and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you’ll die on average five years before a woman.
There are many reasons for this--typically, men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke--but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor.
“Men aren’t seeing doctors as often as they should,” says Dr. Gullotta. “This is particularly so for the over-40s, when diseases tend to strike.”
Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two. For those over 45, it should be at least once a year.
Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year.
“When I finally saw him it had already spread and he has since died from lung cancer,” he says. “Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him, but it would have prolonged his life.”
According to a recent survey, 95% of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group.
“A lot of men think they’re undefeatable,” Gullota says. “They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it could happen to him, …’”
Then there’s the ostrich approach. “Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.
“Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,” Cartmill says. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups.
Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain on the public purse, Cartmill says. “But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. Besides, the ultimate cost is far greater: it is called premature death.”
1.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?
A. They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.
B. Their average life span has been considerably extended.
C. They have lived long enough to read this article.
D. They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.
2.What does the author state is the most important reason men die five years earlier on average than women?
A. Men drink and smoke much more than women.
B. Men don’t seek medical care as often as women.
C. Men aren’t as cautious as women in face of danger.
D. Men are more likely to suffer from fatal diseases.
3.Which of the following best completes the sentence ‘Geez, if it could happen to him, …’ (Line 2, Para.8)?
A. it could happen to me, too
B. I should avoid playing golf
C. I should consider myself lucky
D. it would be a big misfortune
4.What does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by “the ostrich approach” (Line 1, Para.9)?
A. A casual attitude towards one’s health conditions.
B. A new therapy for certain psychological problems.
C. Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.
D. Unwillingness to find out about one’s disease because of fear.
5.What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?
A. They may increase public expenses.
B. They will save money in the long run.
C. They may cause psychological strains on men.
D. They will enable men to live as long as women.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you’re a male and you’re reading this, congratulations! You’re a survivor. According to statistics，you’re more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman，and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term，about 78 years for men in Australia，you’ll die on average five years before a woman.
There're many reasons for this--typically，men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor.
“Men aren't seeing doctors as often as they should，” says Dr. Gullotta.“This is particularly so
for the over-40s, when diseases tend to strike. According to a recent survey, 95％of women aged between 15 and early 49s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70％of men in the same age group.
“A lot of men think they’re unbeatable，”Gullotta says．“They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, Geez, if it could happen to him …”
Then there’s the ostrich（鸵鸟）approach．“Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.
“Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,” Cartmill says. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups.
“Prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases．Besides, the final cost is far greater，it’s called premature death.”
1.Why does the author congratulate male readers at the beginning of the passage?
A．They can live longer than they expected．
B．They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.
C．They have lived long enough to read this article.
D．They are more likely to survive serious diseases now．
2.Which of the author’s statements is the most important reason that men die five years earlier on average than women according to the passage?
A．Men drink and smoke much more than women.
B．Men don’t seek medical care as often as women.
C．Men are more likely to suffer from deadly diseases.
D．Men aren’t as cautious as women in face of danger.
3.Which of the following best completes the underlined sentence “Geez, if it could happen to him…” （in Para 4） ?
A．it could happen to me，too.
B．it would be a big misfortune.
C．I should avoid playing golf.
D．I should consider myself lucky.
4.What does Dr．Ross Cartmill mean by“the ostrich approach”（in Para 5）?
A．A casual attitude towards one’s health conditions.
B．A new treatment for certain psychological problems．
C．Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.
D．Unwillingness to find out about one’s disease because of fear.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Hayden,
Congratulations on being 12! Wow, your 11’s are over and after this year you will officially be a teenager．Happy Birthday boy! I’m so excited for you．
Last night at the dinner table I told you about how clearly I remember the day before you were born．I sat in front of that fireplace in our very first house in Rowlett, Texas, in 1996 and cried my eyes out before God．I cried because potentially, something could have been wrong with you, but even more than that, I believe I cried out to him because of the gift he was giving me．You are incredibly special Hayden Davis．You will make your mark on the world in amazing ways．I’ve always known that．I’m glad to be your father．
The gifts you receive today will give hints(暗示) of our first big trip that will take place in January．Every quarter there will be a special, secret trip you and I will take up．Many times you won’t know what’s to come; I want you to trust me．Trust that I’m doing what’s right for you and planning events that will be memories for years to come．
Every month I will sit down with you and talk to you about what it takes to live in this world and how to navigate life in a good way．And during these months my closest friends will teach you the most valuable lessons they’ve learned in life．They will also become your friends and confidants (知己)．
I will always believe in you and I’ll always be right by your side cheering you on through each and every stage of your life on this Thanksgiving Day．I couldn’t be more thankful to have you in my life．
I love you!
1.This is most probably a letter _______．
A．from a father to his son B．from a mother to her son
C．from a father to his daughter D．from a mother to her daughter
2.“ Over this year we will go on a few journeys．” is a sentence from the letter and should be put at the beginning of _______．
A．Paragraph 1 B．Paragraph 2 C．Paragraph 3 D．Paragraph 4
3.Which of the following statements is NOT right about the writer?
A．The writer will arrange a secret trip every two months．
B．The writer wrote this letter in 2008．
C．The writer’s child was born on Thanksgiving Day．
D．The writer’s friends will help to educate his son．
4.When the writer “cried his eyes out”, he felt _______．
A．both anxious and terrified B．both terrified and surprised
C．both delighted and surprised D．both anxious and delighted
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you are reading this right now, you are taking part in the wonder of literacy. Because of printed words, people can relay information across both time and space. Much of the credit for this phenomenon can be attributed to one man.
Born in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg, studied at the University of Erfurt in 1418 and spent much of his young adult life practicing the profession of goldsmithing. In 1439 Gutenberg borrowed money from investors but found himself in financial trouble.
In 1439 the city in which Gutenberg lived was planning to exhibit a large collection of some relics, which was expected to bring many visitors to the town. Gutenberg created many metal mirrors which were to be sold to the visitors. The mirrors probably would have sold well, but due to severe flooding the event was delayed by one year. The investors demanded that Gutenberg return their investments, but he had already spent the money on the mirrors. In order to satisfy the investors, Gutenberg decided to share his secret with them. This secret would forever change the world, all of history, and even the, process of keeping history. He had created the mechanical printing press with movable type.
Gutenberg’s brilliant idea would soon change the world, but he was in financial trouble once again and was accused of mismanaging money. The courts ruled against Gutenberg and Gutenberg lost .the shop he had created.
Before the spread of Gutenberg, s idea, literature was primarily handwritten and thus books were extremely rare and valuable. There was little reason for common people to learn to read or write. Gutenberg’s invention would change all of that. His printing press allowed literature to be produced on a mass scale. His movable metal type could be arranged once to form a page, and his press could print the page again and again.
Though Gutenberg had failed as a businessman, the technologies that he had created spread across Europe rapidly. As these printing technologies and techniques spread, news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than previously possible. The world has not been the same since.
1.Which of the following can replace the underlined word in Paragraph one?
A. referred B. devoted
C. exposed D. owed
2.Why did Gutenberg’s plan to sell mirrors fail?
A. The mirrors were less popular than he had expected.
B. Flooding delayed the event for an entire year.
C. Too many other people had the same idea.
D. Newly invented glass mirrors made his metal mirrors old-fashioned.
3.Which of the following is best supported by evidence from the text?
A. Gutenberg’s idea was a tremendous success that made him incredibly wealthy.
B. Gutenberg’s idea didn’t become popular in his lifetime, but grew very popular after his death.
C. Gutenberg, s idea did not make him rich but spread very quickly.
D. Gutenberg, s idea did not become popular right away but made him incredibly rich over time.
4.Which of the following titles best expresses the main idea of this text?
A. Investing Wisely: Turning Your Good Ideas into Money
B. How to Make Books Using the Gutenberg Method
C. The City of Mainz: Life in Medieval Germany
D. Gutenberg: A Man Who Changed the World
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you need glasses to read this, you are among the majority of Chinese students. That’s because most students in China are short-sighted which means they can only see things close up and distant things will be blurry. Four-fifths of high school students wear glasses and now more and more children in primary school need glasses, too.
This epidemic of poor eyesight has two very simple causes: too much time spent indoors studying and too little time spent outdoors playing. Reading and writing for hours and hours, sometimes in poorly lighted rooms, causes eyesight to weaken. But students have to do this because there is so much pressure on them to succeed in school. And because they spend so much time indoors at school and at home, they have less time to spend outdoors enjoying the sun.
The sun, as a consequence, is important in developing good eyesight. Exposure to daylight releases a chemical in the eyes that prevents, or at least delays, short-sightedness. According to a study by Ian Morgan of Australian National University, Australian children and Chinese children have the same level of eyesight before they start school, but once they enter primary school, Chinese children only spend about an hour a day outside, while Australian children spend three to four hours each day in the sunshine. The result is that while about 40 percent of Chinese primary school students need glasses, only three percent of Australian children do.
Wearing glasses may not seem like a big deal. For some, wearing glasses can even be an opportunity to make a fashion statement. But poor eyesight at a young age can have serious long term consequences. As you get older, your eyesight can worsen and lead to things like macular degeneration(黄斑变性), a condition of the eyes for which there is no cure and which can eventually lead to blindness.
With all that in mind, don’t you think it’s time to give your eyes a break? Try spending a little less time inside and go for a walk in the park, instead. It’s the healthy thing to do and your eyes will thank you for it.
1.What does the underlined word “blurry” mean?
A. unpopular. B. unpleasant.
C. unclear. D. unconscious.
2.How should the students protect their eyesight according to the passage?
A. They should study less and less.
B. They should stay longer outdoors.
C. They should wear sun-glasses.
D. They should have a longer rest in bed.
3.It can be inferred from the passage that _____ is to blame for the poor eyesight of Chinese children.
A. the ever-worsening bad weather
B. the ever-increasing burden of study
C. the ever-decreasing sunny days
D. the ever-decreasing period of study time
4.What is the purpose of this article?
A. To explain why Chinese students are poor-sighted.
B. To admire Australian children’s good eyesight.
C. To criticize the present education system.
D. To call on people to protect Chinese children’s eyesight
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you need glasses to read this, you are among the majority of Chinese students. That’s because most students in China are short-sighted which means they can only see things close up and distant things will be blurry. Four-fifths of high school students wear glasses and now more and more children in primary school need glasses, too.
This epidemic of poor eyesight has two very simple causes: too much time spent indoors studying and too little time spent outdoors playing. Reading and writing for hours and hours, sometimes in poorly lighted rooms, causes eyesight to weaken. But students have to do this because there is so much pressure on them to succeed in school. And because they spend so much time indoors at school and at home, they have less time to spend outdoors enjoying the sun.
The sun, as a consequence, is important in developing good eyesight. Exposure to daylight releases a chemical in the eyes that prevents, or at least delays, short-sightedness. According to a study by Ian Morgan of Australian National University, Australian children and Chinese children have the same level of eyesight before they start school, but once they enter primary school, Chinese children only spend about an hour a day outside, while Australian children spend three to four hours each day in the sunshine. The result is that while about 40 percent of Chinese primary school students need glasses, only three percent of Australian children do.
Wearing glasses may not seem like a big deal. For some, wearing glasses can even be an opportunity to make a fashion statement. But poor eyesight at a young age can have serious long term consequences. As you get older, your eyesight can worsen and lead to things like macular degeneration(黄斑变性), a condition of the eyes for which there is no cure and which can eventually lead to blindness.
With all that in mind, don’t you think it’s time to give your eyes a break? Try spending a little less time inside and go for a walk in the park, instead. It’s the healthy thing to do and your eyes will thank you for it.
1.What does the underlined word “blurry” mean?
A. unpopular. B. unpleasant.
C. unclear. D. unconscious.
2.How should the students protect their eyesight according to the passage?
A. They should study less and less.
B. They should stay longer outdoors.
C. They should wear sun-glasses.
D. They should have a longer rest in bed.
3.It can be inferred from the passage that __________ is to blame for the poor eyesight of Chinese children.
A. the ever-worsening bad weather
B. the ever-increasing burden of study
C. the ever-decreasing sunny days
D. the ever-decreasing period of study time
4.What is the purpose of this article?
A. To explain why Chinese students are poor-sighted.
B. To admire Australian children’s good eyesight.
C. To criticize the present education system.
D. To call on people to protect Chinese children’s eyesight
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you are not reading this on a screen then you hold in your hands one of humanity’s world-changing inventions. Yet that power has not been matched by fame: paper delights in self-modesty, pointing you to the words on its surface and so acting only as a stage for ideas and arguments that have changed history.
Without that stage, the written and printed word would have attracted only a small audience.All the alternatives to paper commonly used throughout our pre-digital history have been too rare, too heavy, too expensive or too inconvenient to deliver words to a wide number of people,let alone a mass readership
Paper has enabled writers to reach unprecedented(前所未有) numbers throughout history.Among them were the Buddhist missionary translators from South and Central Asia who brought their religion to China almost two thousand years ago. The paper age has its outstanding personalities: Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whose collected works when combined fill more than 200 volumes.
For many of us, it has only been the rise of digital media that has finally opened our eyes to papers striking existence everywhere. Of course, paper has found thousands of roles for itself,writing aside. Your bedside lamp glows through a paper cover and the cups in the office coffee machine are made from paper. It can be as common and practical as a bus ticket or it can be treasured and expensive as the carrier of the worlds best-loved painting.
It is clear that many predictions of paper's extinction have been premature-and greatly overstated. Much of the 400 million tons of paper produced annually is absolutely necessary to our way of life. The bigger question, of course, concerns the one role paper has had that has been transformative for the world. namely as the carrier of written or printed text. Already,it is leaving much of the difficult work of words to digital media, and many of its centuries-old roles have already been largely transferred to the screen. There is also a sense in which paper has itself become a subject, rather than simply a medium. This began to become clear in art several decades ago. as paper became not simply the backdrop (背景) for art but, in a few cases, the stuff of the art itself.
This doesn’t mean that papers uses as a vehicle for words will end, but it does signal a slowing down. More than that, it signals that paper's greatest virtues are no longer good enough.Those virtues enabled unprecedented periods of cultural expansiveness. just as they encouraged knowledge, beliefs and ideas to move further down the socio-cconomic ladder. Yet such transformative qualities are shared by paper's digital opponent(对手), and paper can no longer compete on speed of delivery, scale of information immediately available, or ease of access.
Paper's historic dynamism(活力)has received its first great challenge and, in many aspects,it appears to be losing Nostalgia(怀旧)simply dismisses paper to a museum piece. But there are reasons to think that the dynamism that paper has exhibited over some 20 centuries will not be transferred totally to digital media. There are a few practical reasons. Electric power is always needed for digital media, of course. More importantly, anything online can, potentially, be hacked into. Your own reading choices can be viewed from the other side of the world. Even what you write can be viewed and changed or deleted. But it is the ownership of knowledge that matters most. As Amazon recently reminded a kindle reader who had lost the text of a book he was reading. you do not "own" your books on Kindle, as you own a physical book. You simply have the right to access them.
The digital revolution certainly provides unprecedented access to knowledge. But it is access only. Text that you can hold, shelve and own, due to paper, will always have a magic all its own.
1.Why does paper not have well-deserved fame?
A. Much information is available on a screen.
B. It takes great delight in being modest.
C. Only a small crowd enjoys the benefits of it.
D. It always guides readers to focus more on itself.
2.The underlined part in Paragraph 4 implies that the digital media .
A. ignores the existence of paper
B. promotes the wide use of paper
C. replaces the functions of paper
D. helps us realize the roles of paper
3.One reason why paper won' t come to an end is that .
A. it is being mass-produced
B. it is more than a medium
C. it has a centuries-old role
D. it is a well-known invention
4.What’s the purpose of mentioning the best virtues of paper in Paragraph 6?
A. To show its fast development.
B. To prove its unchanged strength.
C. To indicate its loss of competitiveness.
D. To bring back its past brilliance.
5.What is the biggest problem the digital media face?
A. It depends on electric power.
B. Personal privacy is easy to leak.
C. Users only have the right to use.
D. The joy of reading is hard to feel.
6.What is the best title for the passage?
A. The History of Paper
B. The Power of Paper
C. The Development of Paper
D. The Application of Paper
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
____the book if you are free, and you will learn a lot about how to study English .
| A． Read | B．Having read | C．To read | D．Reading |
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
[1]If you can’t find your keys , ask a woman．It’s reported that females are better than males at multitasking, particularly if those tasks include searching for lost items, for example , the car keys．
[2]Researchers carried out two experiments, in which men and women have to juggle（同时做）several tasks．Examples of this include working in a busy office or cooking several dishes at once for a meal．In the first battle of the sexes , the volunteers played a computer game that required rapid changes of attention．Both sexes slowed down , but the women slowed less．This suggests that they found multitasking easier．
[3]In the second experiment , volunteers were given 8 minutes to complete a set of sums , search for restaurants on a map and work out the route they would take to search for a set of keys lost in a field．The two sexes did well on all the tasks, but the key hunt — in which the searches planned by the women were judged to be clearly superior．When it is the only thing to be done, both sexes are equally good at it．It showed that men’s ability to plan a search for lost keys breaks down, when put under the pressure of multitasking．The results suggest that women are better at multitasking than men．
[4] Women’s advantage at doing tasks has its roots in evolution．In the Stone Age , men could probably go out and hunt for food , while the women stayed at home and multi-tasked．They were always looking out for their children , as well as doing other things , like gathering fruits and doing mending and making stone tools．Men probably have somewhat more of a one-track mind．
1.What does the text mainly talk about? （no more than 6 words ）
____________________________________________________________________
2.How many experiments did researchers do? （no more than 2 words ）
____________________________________________________________________
3.In the first battle of the sexes, what did the volunteers do ? （no more than 12 words ）
____________________________________________________________________
4.When searching for lost keys is their only task, how do both sexes perform ? （no more than 5 words ）
____________________________________________________________________
5.What work did men mainly do in the Stone Age ? （no more than 8 words ）
____________________________________________________________________
高三英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析