A person’s chances of falling ill from a new strain (菌株) of flu are at least partly determined by the first strain they ever met with, a study suggests.
Research in Science Journal looked at the 18 strains of influenza A ( 甲型流感) and the hemagglutinin protein (红血球凝集素蛋白) on its surface. They say there are only two types of this protein and people are protected from the one their body meets first, but at risk from the other one. A UK expert said that could explain different patterns in flu pandemics (流行病).The researchers, from University of Arizona in Tucson and the University of California, Los Angeles, suggest their findings could explain why some flu outbreaks cause more deaths and serious illnesses in younger people. The first time a person's immune system meets a flu virus, it makes antibodies targeting hemagglutinin protein that sticks out of the surface of the virus — like a lollipop (棒棒糖).
Even though there are 18 types of influenza A, there are only two versions of hemagglutinin. The researchers, led by Dr Michael Worobey, classed them as “blue” and “orange” lollipops. They said people born before the late 1960s were exposed to “blue lollipop” flu viruses — H1 or H2 — as children. In later life they rarely fell ill from another “blue lollipop” flu — H5N1 bird flu, but they died from “orange” H7N9. Those born in the late 1960s and exposed to “orange lollipop” flu — H3 — have the opposite pattern.
His team looked at cases of H5N1 and H7N9 — two kinds of bird flu which have affected hundreds of people, but have not developed into pandemics. The researchers found a 75% protection rate against severe disease and 80% protection rate against death if patients had been exposed to a virus with the same protein version when they were children.
Dr Worobey said the finding could explain the unusual effect of the 1918 “Spanish flu” pandemic, which was more deadly among young adults. “Those young adults were killed by an H1 virus and from blood analysed many decades later there is a pretty strong indication that those individuals had been exposed to a mismatched H3 as children and were therefore not protected against H1. The fact that we are seeing exactly the same pattern with current H5N1 and H7N9 cases suggests that the same fundamental processes may govern both the historic 1918 pandemic and today’s contenders (斗争者) for the next big flu pandemic.”
Jonathan Ball, professor of University of Nottingham, said, “This is a really neat piece of work and provides a reason why human populations have been sensitive to different strains of bird influenza over the past 100 years or so. The findings are based on analysis of patient records and they certainly need further proof in the laboratory, but nonetheless the results are pretty amazing and inspiring.”
1.The findings, if proved, will help people .
A. protect themselves from flu attacks
B. analyze more clearly the records of a patient infected with a bird flu
C. find out who are easier to get infected with a bird flu than others
D. find new drugs to cure patients of flu infections
2.The researchers use “blue lollipop” and “orange lollipop” for two versions of hemagglutinin in order to produce .
A. a good visual effect B. a good logic effect
C. an effect of being abstract D. an effect of being clear
3.While what Dr Worobey said is focused on the facts, Jonathan Ball’s remarks on the research are focused on .
A. the popularity of the research B. challenges and current situation
C. summary and future plans D. evaluation and influences
4.What can serve as the best title of this passage?
A. Cure for Bird Flu Not Far Away
B. First Flu Affects Lifetime Risk
C. New Classification of Flu Pandemics
D. How Bird Flu Affects People
高二英语阅读理解困难题
A person’s chances of falling ill from a new strain (菌株) of flu are at least partly determined by the first strain they ever met with, a study suggests.
Research in Science Journal looked at the 18 strains of influenza A ( 甲型流感) and the hemagglutinin protein (红血球凝集素蛋白) on its surface. They say there are only two types of this protein and people are protected from the one their body meets first, but at risk from the other one. A UK expert said that could explain different patterns in flu pandemics (流行病).The researchers, from University of Arizona in Tucson and the University of California, Los Angeles, suggest their findings could explain why some flu outbreaks cause more deaths and serious illnesses in younger people. The first time a person's immune system meets a flu virus, it makes antibodies targeting hemagglutinin protein that sticks out of the surface of the virus — like a lollipop (棒棒糖).
Even though there are 18 types of influenza A, there are only two versions of hemagglutinin. The researchers, led by Dr Michael Worobey, classed them as “blue” and “orange” lollipops. They said people born before the late 1960s were exposed to “blue lollipop” flu viruses — H1 or H2 — as children. In later life they rarely fell ill from another “blue lollipop” flu — H5N1 bird flu, but they died from “orange” H7N9. Those born in the late 1960s and exposed to “orange lollipop” flu — H3 — have the opposite pattern.
His team looked at cases of H5N1 and H7N9 — two kinds of bird flu which have affected hundreds of people, but have not developed into pandemics. The researchers found a 75% protection rate against severe disease and 80% protection rate against death if patients had been exposed to a virus with the same protein version when they were children.
Dr Worobey said the finding could explain the unusual effect of the 1918 “Spanish flu” pandemic, which was more deadly among young adults. “Those young adults were killed by an H1 virus and from blood analysed many decades later there is a pretty strong indication that those individuals had been exposed to a mismatched H3 as children and were therefore not protected against H1. The fact that we are seeing exactly the same pattern with current H5N1 and H7N9 cases suggests that the same fundamental processes may govern both the historic 1918 pandemic and today’s contenders (斗争者) for the next big flu pandemic.”
Jonathan Ball, professor of University of Nottingham, said, “This is a really neat piece of work and provides a reason why human populations have been sensitive to different strains of bird influenza over the past 100 years or so. The findings are based on analysis of patient records and they certainly need further proof in the laboratory, but nonetheless the results are pretty amazing and inspiring.”
1.The findings, if proved, will help people .
A. protect themselves from flu attacks
B. analyze more clearly the records of a patient infected with a bird flu
C. find out who are easier to get infected with a bird flu than others
D. find new drugs to cure patients of flu infections
2.The researchers use “blue lollipop” and “orange lollipop” for two versions of hemagglutinin in order to produce .
A. a good visual effect B. a good logic effect
C. an effect of being abstract D. an effect of being clear
3.While what Dr Worobey said is focused on the facts, Jonathan Ball’s remarks on the research are focused on .
A. the popularity of the research B. challenges and current situation
C. summary and future plans D. evaluation and influences
4.What can serve as the best title of this passage?
A. Cure for Bird Flu Not Far Away
B. First Flu Affects Lifetime Risk
C. New Classification of Flu Pandemics
D. How Bird Flu Affects People
高二英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
In a moment of personal crisis, how much help can you expect from a New York taxi driver? I began studying this question and found the answers interesting.
One morning I got into three different taxis and announced, “Well, it’s my first day back in New York in seven years. I’ve been in prison.” Not a single driver replied, so I tried again. “Yeah, I shot a man in Reno.” I explained, hoping the driver would ask me why, but nobody asked. The only response came from a Ghanaian driver, “Reno? That is in Nevada?”
Taxi drivers were uniformly sympathetic when I said I’d just been fired. “This is America,” a Haitian driver said. “One door is closed. Another is open.” He argued against my plan to burn down my boss’s house. A Pakistani driver even turned down a chance to profit from my loss of hope; he refused to take me to the middle of George Washington Bridge—a $20 trip. “Why you want to go there? Go home and relax. Don’t worry. Take a new job.”
One very hot weekday in July, while wearing a red ski mask and holding a stuffed pillowcase with the word “BANK” on it, I tried calling a taxi five times outside different banks. The driver picked me up every time. My ride with a Haitian driver was typical of the superb assistance I received.
“Let’s go across the park.” I said. “I just robbed the bank there. I got $25,000.”
“$25,000?” He asked.
“Yeah, you think it was wrong to take it?”
“No, man. I work 8 hours and I don’t make almost $70. If I can do that, I do it too.”
As we approached 86th and Lexington, I pointed to the Chemical Bank.
“Hey, there’s another bank,” I said, “Could you wait here a minute while I go inside?”
“No, I can’t wait. Pay me now.” His reluctance may have something to do with money—taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low—but I think he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.
1.. From the Ghanaian driver’s response, we can infer that ____.
A. he was indifferent to the killing B. he was afraid of the author
C. he looked down upon the author D. he thought the author was crazy
2.. Why did the Pakistani driver refuse to take the author to the middle of the George Washington Bridge?
A. Because he was able to help the author to find a new job.
B. Because he wanted to go home and relax.
C. Because it was far away from his home.
D. Because he thought that the author would commit suicide.
3..What is the author’s interpretation of the driver’s reluctance “to wait outside the Chemical bank”?
A. The driver thought that the rate for waiting time was too low.
B. The driver thought it wrong to support a taxi rider unconditionally.
C. The driver was frightened and wanted to leave him as soon as possible.
D. The driver did not want to help a suspect to escape from a bank robbery.
4.. Which of the following statements is true about New York taxi drivers?
A. They are ready to help you do whatever you want to.
B. they often refuse to pick up those who would kill themselves.
C. They are sympathetic with those who are out of work.
D. They work only for money.
5.. The passage mainly discusses ____.
A. how to please taxi drivers.
B. how to deal with taxi drivers
C. the attitudes of taxi drivers towards riders in personal trouble
D. the attitudes of taxi drivers towards troublesome taxi riders
高二英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
Are you a morning person? You might not like the findings in this new research.
From a lack of air and drinking water to solar radiation, theoretical Mars pioneers face any number of potential obstacles to settling on the red planet. Now, scientists have found something else to add to the list: seriously messed-up biological clocks.
One day on Mars - which scientists refer to as the solar day, or“sol”- is 37 minutes longer than a day on Earth. A team of European scientists recently demonstrated why that could be a problem.
Circadian rhythms are the body’s natural cycles of rest and waking, which tend to follow roughly 24-hour light-dark cycles. These natural rhythms - which play a role in biological functions including brain wave activity and hormone production - can be interrupted by things like jet lag（时差）and night shift work.
For the study, the researchers compared mice with healthy, 24-hour circadian clocks to mice with a genetic change that caused them to have shorter, 20-hour circadian clocks. The mice with healthy biological clocks were more likely to survive and reproduce, while the mice with shorter biological clocks were more likely to die off.
What does this all have to do with space travel? Since the Martian sol is longer than a day on Earth, people with shorter circadian clocks could suffer from health problems as they try to adapt to the rotational speed of the red planet.
Unfortunately, the body is unlikely to adapt to the new conditions or“learn”to develop a longer clock. As Loudon explained,“Learning is not a likely option.”
In other words: Sorry, super-early risers - NASA might not want you for the next Mars mission.
1.From the passage, people can face the following troubles living on Mars EXCEPT ______.
A. absence of air B. a lot of fierce creatures
C. lack of drinking water D. messed-up biological clocks
2.According to scientists, how long does one day on Mars last?
A. 24 hours. B. 23 hours and 23 minutes.
C. 24 hours and 37 minutes. D. 12 hours and 37 minutes.
3.How did the researchers study what effect living on Mars has on sleep?
A. By comparing different mice. B. By analyzing computer data.
C. By experiments in spaceships. D. By observing and judging.
4.Life on Mars would seriously mess with your sleep because ________.
A. the brain wave activity will be interrupted
B. the body’s natural cycles can be shortened
C. hormone production will hurt biological functions
D. the Martian sol is longer than a day on Earth
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
A new U．S．government report says more than two million Americans fall ill each year with drug—resistant bacterial infections(感染)，and 23，000 of them are dying as a result．The head of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[CDC]said that the number probably will grow．Officials warn that steps must be taken now to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotic(抗生素)drugs．
Without urgent action to stop that trend，warned Tom Frieden whose agency wrote the report，the miracle drugs to fight them won’t be available in the future．
“If we are not careful，the medicine chest will be empty when we go there to look for a lifesaving antibiotic for someone with a deadly infection．But if we act now，we can preserve these medications while we continue to work on development of new medicines．”The report names a drug—resistant abuse of gonorrhea(淋病)，which causes about one quarter of a million hospitalizations in the United States annually．Of the number at least 1 4，000 result in death．
Drug resistance develops through the overuse and inappropriate use of anti—bacterial agents．These can be：doctors prescribing(开药) them to patients who have viral infections that are not affected by medicine meant to fight bacteria；patients not taking all of their medicine as prescribed，so the bacteria making them sick are only weakened，not killed；antibiotic use in healthy farm animals to prevent illness and promote growth．Antibiotic remainders left in meat and animal products can then lead to drug resistance in humans．
To limit the spread of resistant infections，experts recommend wider use of routine immunizations(预防)，as well as hand—washing in hospitals and other health care facilities．Also，the report urges hand—washing by food handlers．
Michael Bell，deputy director of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion at CDC，said Patients also can play a role in preserving the effectiveness of antibiotics by asking health care providers a few simple questions．
1.What’s the best title of the passage?
A．Drug Resistance Developing Quickly in the US
B．Drug—Resistant Bacterial Infections Growing in the US
C．Actions for Preserving Anti-Bacterial Medications in the US
D．Preventions of Drug-resistant Bacterial Infections in the US
2.According to Frieden，we must take measures without delay to preserve effectiveness of antibiotics，or_____.
A．we will have to develop better medicines in place of antibiotics
B．there may be no effective anti-bacterial drugs for use in the future
C．we can’t find other medicines to cure serious illnesses in the future
D．more and more Americans will suffer from bacterial infections each year
3.Of those patients admitted to the hospital because of a drug-resistant abuse of gonorrhea annually，deaths add up to_____.
A．at least 5.6％ B．about 25％
C．about 1.4％ D．at least 2.5％
4.One of the approaches through which drug resistance develops is that_____.
A．people eat the meat with Antibiotic remainder in animals
B．doctors prescribe less antibiotics than needed for patients
C．doctors prescribe much more antibiotic than needed for patients
D．patients don’t take their ant-bacterial agents that doctors prescribe
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
课文知识回顾(注意形式）
A boy 1.(fall) ill . His 2.(organ） were damaged by the radiation of an infrared ray stove. But before the ambulance arrived, a number of other3.(injure） happened to this unlucky boy over and over again. First, he was choked by some 4.(poison） liquid from the kettle on the cupboard. Then his wrist skin was burnt by electric shock. Finally, his ankle was cut by a pan.
Fortunately, the boy’s nurse gave him proper temporary treatments according to his complex symptoms. She 5.(mild)squeezed the poisonous liquid out of his throat and put bandages firmly in place to apply pressure 6. the ankle wound to stop bleeding. As for the burn, she used scissors to remove his sleeve, 7.(pour) a basin of cold water over the burn to cool it and put her hands on a damp blouse to cover his swollen tissue tightly. She also inspired his8.(brave） to fight against the 9.(bear) pain. Her first aid made a vital difference in saving his life. A ceremony 10.(hold) to honour the nurse who overcame a variety of barriers to save the boy.
高二英语根据课文内容填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
______ care of the baby, or it may fall ill.
| A．Take | B．Taking | C．Taken | D．To take |
高二英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
People often fall ill because of me.______, they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own______. A tired person may get______, especially when he goes to crowded places with polluted air. A sudden change in______is another factor. In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home. They will catch a cold easily.
My latest victim(受害者) is an energetic student. After school, he played football hard for two hours. Though______, he still went to the cinema .Then he got back home and took a cold shower immediately. I seized this golden chance to______him. He reacted, trying to______me, but I was already______deep in his throat. He kept sneezing(打喷嚏) and his nose was running.______he put on some warm clothes, it didn’t work, for there were too many of us. Besides, his sore throat kept______him, and he developed a cough to force me and my family out, but______.
The next day he couldn’t go to______. He had lost his appetite and was not as______as before. His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C, which would help his______.
For two days he was______by his mother. As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the______. I knew I had to______him before long. But I am not the one who gives up easily, and I made every effort to fight back.______, it was my turn to feel______now, for his defense system was starting an all-out attack against me. I became______and finally my time was over.
Do you know what I am?
1.A. Therefore B. Besides C. However D. Then
2.A. business B. responsibility C. excuse D. fault
3.A. punished B. blamed C. caught D. killed
4.A. temperature B. season C. place D. condition
5.A. excited B. hurt C. late D. tired
6.A. injure B. bother C. attack D. destroy
7.A. get on with B. get rid of C. put up with D. take hold of
8.A. reproducing B. waiting C. hiding D. disappearing
9.A. Since B. Once C. Whether D. Although
10.A. reminding B. upsetting C. comforting D. influencing
11.A. escaped B. succeeded C. regretted D. failed
12.A. bed B. work C. school D. hospital
13.A. peaceful B. afraid C. active D. happy
14.A. recovery B. development C. study D. growth
15.A. protected B. nursed C. scolded D. affected
16.A. loss B. operation C. pressure D. movement
17.A. leave B. catch C. forget D. beat
18.A. Uncertainly B. Unsuccessfully C. Unusually D. Unfortunately
19.A. painful B. disappointed C. nervous D. ashamed
20.A. bigger B. weaker C. smaller D. stronger
高二英语完形填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
First aid is a temporary form of help________to someone who suddenly falls ill or gets——before a doctor can be found.
| A．giving；injured | B．given；injuring | C．given；injured | D．giving；injuring |
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
It shows that a knowledge of first aid can ______________.
A. make a difference B. fall ill C. squeeze out D. put its hands on
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Chance at new start
Mike Miles hadn't had a stable job in years． He bounced around from agency to agency， never sure when his last day would be． Sometimes， he lost a job with less than a day's notice． This was not due to a poor work ethic （职业道德）﹣from arriving early to staying late， Miles says he did everything he could to leave good impressions on employers in Lancaster， Pennsylvania， in the US． But because Miles had a criminal record， he was always cut loose when it came time to let staff go．
"It was like walking on eggshells． You just never knew when you'd be gone，" he said．
After his release from prison in 2007， Miles struggled to find stability （稳定）﹣both mentally and financially． During this time， he lived in his mother's house and she helped him raise his daughter． When his mom passed away two years later， Miles says he became more determined than ever to create a healthy environment for his family．
"I'm all she has， and she's all I have，" he said． "I had to build a whole new relationship with my daughter， while building a whole new life for myself．"
It wasn't until October 2015， nearly a decade after he got out of prison， that a cousin told Miles about a food company that hires people who have difficulty finding jobs．
Hoping this would clear up what felt like a thick cloud of uncertainty over his future， Miles submitted an application． He got an interview and soon after that， began his new job． His work involves everything from food production to maintenance （保存）， not to mention it pays a livable wage of $15 an hour． He says it's the best job he's ever had．
Miles' story is rare in Lancaster， where the poverty rate is around 30 percent﹣about double the national average． This figure annoyed Charlie Crystle， the co﹣founder and CEO of the company that gave Miles his job．
Crystle says he wants to inspire other companies and entrepreneurs （企业家） to rethink their current practices and ignite （引发） conversations about minimum wage and employment opportunities for everyone， including ex﹣offenders （前罪犯）．
Beyond providing employment and livable wages， the company also helps employees deal with the many challenges of reentry into society． This means anything from helping them find housing and health benefits to changing their schedules so they can make court dates．
Miles is now saving for a house．"It doesn't have to be a big house，" he said． "I just want to be stable．"
1.Why did Miles change his occupation frequently？
A. He liked to try new things．
B. He could not find a job he likes all the time．
C. He was an unstable person who didn't have persistence．
D. He was never asked to stay at jobs long as he had been in jail．
2.What encouraged Miles to find a stable job？
A. He wanted to move into a better house．
B. He faced heavy social pressure from other people．
C. He wanted to make living conditions better for his family．
D. He couldn't stand living with his mother at such an old age．
3.From the article，we can learn that Crystal ________．
A. criticizes other companies for their low wages
B. longs to be famous and gain more respect
C. encourage other companies to think their current practices again
D. pushes other companies to help ex﹣offenders with reentry into society
4.What can we infer from the last three paragraphs？
A. Miles is content with his current situation．
B. Miles is going to buy a big house in the future．
C. The local government will help everyone find jobs．
D. The minimum wage level will surely increase in Lancaster．
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析