Self-driving vehicles will rely on cameras, sensors(传感器) and artificial intelligence (AI) to recognize and respond to road and traffic conditions, but sensing is the most effective for objects and movement in the neighborhood of the vehicle. Not everything important in a car’s environment will be caught by the vehicle’s camera. Another vehicle approaching at high speed on a collision (碰撞) track might not be visible until it’s too late. This is why vehicle-to-vehicle communication is undergoing rapid development. Our research shows that cars will need to be able to chat and cooperate on the road, although the technical challenges are considerable.
Applications for vehicle-to-vehicle communication range from vehicles driving together in a row, to safety messages about nearby emergency vehicles. Vehicles could alert each other to avoid collisions or share notices about passers-by and bicycles.
From as far as several hundred metres away, vehicles could exchange messages with one another or receive information from roadside units(RSUs)about nearby incidents or dangerous road conditions through 4G network. A high level of AI seems required for such vehicles, not only to self-drive from A to B, but also to react intelligently to messages received. Vehicles will need to plan, reason, strategize(制定策略) and adapt in the light of information received in real time and to carry out cooperative behaviours. For example, a group of autonomous vehicles might avoid a route together because of potential risks, or a vehicle could decide to drop someone off earlier due to messages received, a foreseen crowding ahead.
Further applications of vehicle-to-vehicle communication are still being researched, including how to perform cooperative behaviour.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The reasons for the accidents by self-driving vehicles.
B. The importance of artificial intelligence of self-driving vehicles.
C. The reasons for developing communication between self-driving vehicles.
D. The research about applications for self-driving vehicles.
2.What does the underlined word “alert” mean in Paragraph 2?
A. Alarm. B. Blame.
C. Ignore. D. Govern.
3.What can we learn about roadside units (RSUs)?
A. They recognize the vehicles on the road.
B. They can improve bad road conditions.
C. They take control of the passing vehicles.
D. They serve as efficient information stations.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A. Different kinds of vehicle communication.
B. Importance of high level AI.
C. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication.
D. Ways to improve our communication with vehicles.
高二英语阅读理解困难题
Self-driving vehicles will rely on cameras, sensors(传感器) and artificial intelligence (AI) to recognize and respond to road and traffic conditions, but sensing is the most effective for objects and movement in the neighborhood of the vehicle. Not everything important in a car’s environment will be caught by the vehicle’s camera. Another vehicle approaching at high speed on a collision (碰撞) track might not be visible until it’s too late. This is why vehicle-to-vehicle communication is undergoing rapid development. Our research shows that cars will need to be able to chat and cooperate on the road, although the technical challenges are considerable.
Applications for vehicle-to-vehicle communication range from vehicles driving together in a row, to safety messages about nearby emergency vehicles. Vehicles could alert each other to avoid collisions or share notices about passers-by and bicycles.
From as far as several hundred metres away, vehicles could exchange messages with one another or receive information from roadside units(RSUs)about nearby incidents or dangerous road conditions through 4G network. A high level of AI seems required for such vehicles, not only to self-drive from A to B, but also to react intelligently to messages received. Vehicles will need to plan, reason, strategize(制定策略) and adapt in the light of information received in real time and to carry out cooperative behaviours. For example, a group of autonomous vehicles might avoid a route together because of potential risks, or a vehicle could decide to drop someone off earlier due to messages received, a foreseen crowding ahead.
Further applications of vehicle-to-vehicle communication are still being researched, including how to perform cooperative behaviour.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The reasons for the accidents by self-driving vehicles.
B. The importance of artificial intelligence of self-driving vehicles.
C. The reasons for developing communication between self-driving vehicles.
D. The research about applications for self-driving vehicles.
2.What does the underlined word “alert” mean in Paragraph 2?
A. Alarm. B. Blame.
C. Ignore. D. Govern.
3.What can we learn about roadside units (RSUs)?
A. They recognize the vehicles on the road.
B. They can improve bad road conditions.
C. They take control of the passing vehicles.
D. They serve as efficient information stations.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A. Different kinds of vehicle communication.
B. Importance of high level AI.
C. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication.
D. Ways to improve our communication with vehicles.
高二英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
Self-driving cars are just around the corner. Such vehicles will make getting from one place to another safer and less stressful. They also could cut down on traffic, reduce pollution and limit accidents. But how should driverless cars handle emergencies? People disagree on the answer.
To understand the challenge, imagine a car suddenly meets some pedestrians in the road. It’s too late to avoid a crash. So the car’s artificial intelligence must decide whether to swerve(急转弯), To save the pedestrians, should the car swerve off the road or swerve into oncoming traffic:? What if such options :would likely kill the car’s driver?
Researchers used online survey to study people’s attitudes about such situations with driverless cars. Survey participants mostly agreed automated cars should be designed to protect the most people. That included swerving into walls to save a larger number of pedestrians. However, those same surveyed want to ride in cars that protect passengers at all costs-even if the pedestrians would now end up dying. Jean-Francois Bonnefon, a psychologist at the Toulouse School of Economics, and his colleagues reported their findings in Science.
“Automated cars can revolutionize transportation, says study coauthor Iyad Rahwan. But he adds, this new technology creates a moral (道德的) dilemma that could slow its acceptance.
Makers of computerized cars are at a loss for what to do next. Most buyers would want their cars to be programmed to protect them in preference to other people. However, regulations might one day instruct that cars must act for the greater good. But the scientists think rules like this could drive away buyers, If so, all the potential benefits of driverless cars would be lost.
Compromises(妥协) might be possible, another psychologist, Kurt Gray says. He thinks if all driverless cars are programmed to protect their passengers in emergencies, traffic accidents will drop. Those vehicles might be dangerous to pedestrians on rare occasions. But they “won’t speed, won’t drive drunk and won’t text while driving, which would be a win for society. "
1.The underlined word “challenge" in Paragraph 2 refers to .
A. the technical problems that self-driving cars have
B. how self-driving cars reduce traffic accidents
C. how self-driving cars handle emergencies
D. people’s negative attitude towards self-driving cars
2.According to the passage, online surveys show that .
A. people care about whose safety should come first
B. self-driving cars should be designed to protect drivers
C. the busy traffic may be a problem for self-driving cars
D. self-driving cars’ artificial intelligence needs improvement
3.What can we infer from the fifth paragraph?
A. Regulations are in passengers’ favor.
B. Most people dislike driverless cars now.
C. Self-driving car makers are in a tough spot.
D. The potential benefits of driverless cars are ignored.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Moral Dilemma Could Limit Appeal of Driverless Cars.
B. Driverless Cars Could Revolutionize Transportation,
C. New Regulations Have Great Influence on Driverless Cars.
D. People Disagree on the Future of Driverless Cars.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
You may ____________ it that Jennifer will come and help us if we are in trouble.
A. base on B. rely on
C. carry on D. hold on
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
You may____he will come here to give us a hand.
A. rely on it that B. rely on it
C. rely on that D. rely it on that
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Self-driving vehicles have been proposed as a solution for the rapidly increasing number of fatal traffic accidents, which now cause 1.3 million deaths each year.
While we have made great progress in advancing self-driving technology, we have yet to explore how autonomous vehicles will be programmed to deal with situations that endanger human life, according to a new study published in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.
To understand how self-driving cars might make these judgments, the researchers looked at how humans deal with similar driving dilemmas.
When faced with driving dilemmas, people show a high willingness to sacrifice themselves for others, make decisions based on the victim’s age and turn onto sidewalks to minimize the number of lives lost. Ethical(伦理的)guidelines tend to disagree with human instincts(本能) in this case, saying that no life should be valued above another.
“The technological advancement and adoption of autonomous vehicles are moving quickly but the social and ethical discussions about their behavior are lagging behind,” says lead author Lasse T. Bergmann from University of Osnabrück, Germany.
Automated vehicles will eventually outperform their human counterparts, but there will still be circumstances where the cars must make an ethical decision to save or possibly risk losing a human life.
The study is especially relevant considering earlier this year a self-driving Uber car struck and killed a passenger in Arizona, in an incident widely regarded as the first death resulting from an autonomous vehicle.
An ethics commission launched by the German Ministry for Transportation has created a set of guidelines, representing its members’ best judgement on a variety of issues concerning self-driving cars. These expert judgments may, however, not reflect human instinct.
Bergmann and colleagues developed a virtual reality experiment to examine human instinct in a variety of possible driving situations. It was based on the well-known ethical thought experiment—the trolley problem.
In this experiment, there is a trolley running down the railway tracks. Ahead, on the tracks, there are five people tied up, unable to move, and the trolley is headed straight for them. A person is standing some distance off in the train yard, next to a lever(操作杆).If he pulls this lever, the trolley will turn to a different set of tracks. However, there is one person tied up on the side track. Does the person choose to pull the lever and kill one person, or do nothing and let five people die?
Bergmann recognized that the majority of people would not approve of the proposal made by the ethics commission that a passenger in the vehicle should not be sacrificed to save more people. “We find people chose to save more lives, even if this involves turning onto the sidewalk, endangering people uninvolved in the traffic incident,” said Bergmann, “Furthermore, subjects considered the factor of age, for example, choosing to save children over the elderly.” He also realized further discussion and research were needed. “Driving requires a complex weighing of risks versus rewards, for example, speed versus the danger of a critical situation,” Bergmann explained.
1.According to the passage, “human counterparts" in Paragraph 6 refers to ________.
A. human drivers B. all human beings C. vehicle makers D. guideline makers
2.The virtual reality experiment carried out by Bergmann shows that ________.
A. no life should be valued above another
B. a passenger shouldn’t be sacrificed for more lives
C. people prefer to sacrifice a child to an old man in an emergency
D. all the subjects didn’t approve of the ethics commission decisions
3.It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. people’s instinct is the most important factor in making decisions
B. there is a long way to go to find solutions to ethic problems in self-driving cars
C. the experiment of “the trolley problem” proved effective in solving driving dilemmas
D. the first death of a self-driving Uber car set people thinking about ethic problems involved
4.The passage is mainly about ________.
A. people’s attitudes towards self-driving vehicles
B. people’s instinct when faced with driving dilemmas
C. the ethical problems involved in self-driving vehicles
D. the technological-problems concerning autonomous vehicles
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
He is the first person you can think of to rely on, for he is always willing to ________ whoever is in trouble.
A.cut out B.figure out C.test out D.help out
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
The discussion on renewable energy has been going on for at least a decade and people have relied on fossil fuels almost entirely for more than a century. However, the situation when fossil fuels were the most efficient and the cheapest source of energy has been left far in the past. Many countries such as Germany and Sweden have already made significant efforts to fix this situation, employing numerous power plants working on the renewable resources of energy. The most effective among these resources is geothermal(地热的)energy.
Geothermal energy does not depend on the world’s economic and political situation as strongly as fossil fuels do. Besides, extracting(提炼)fossil fuels adds to the price of energy produced from them. Therefore, geothermal energy is much cheaper than traditional ones, saving up to 80% of the costs over fossil fuels.
Being a renewable resource, geothermal energy produces less waste and pollution than traditional energy sources. In geothermal systems, carbon dioxide makes up about 10% of air produced. Overall, in order to produce the electricity that can be used for one hour, the geothermal systems produce 0.1 pound of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases. For a comparison, a power plant producing from gas produces up to 2 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and those power plants that work on coal(煤)produce an astonishing 3.6 pounds of greenhouse gases.
Low costs is another reason why using geothermal power plants should be the first choice for many countries. Geothermal heat systems require 25% to 50% less energy for work compared with the traditional systems for heating or cooling. Besides, geothermal equipment is less big: due to the very nature of geothermal energy, geothermal power plants have only a few moving parts, all of which can be easily sheltered inside a relatively small building. What’s more, the life span of geothermal equipment is rather long. All these make geothermal power stations easy to build and keep.
1.Fossil fuels are more expensive than geothermal energy partly because _______.
A. it is free to use geothermal energy
B. the production of fossil fuels costs a lot
C. fossil fuels are nearly used up
D. geothermal energy doesn’t depend on political situation
2.According to Paragraph 3, what can be concluded from the comparison?
A. Geothermal energy is environmentally friendly.
B. Gas and coal are often used to produce electricity.
C. Coal is much more efficient than gas.
D. The geothermal systems don’t produce harmful gases.
3.Geothermal equipment is usually not as big as that of traditional energy because of______.
A. the life span of geothermal equipment B. geothermal power plants
C. the nature of geothermal energy D. the small buildings
4.What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Many countries have benefited from geothermal energy.
B. Geothermal energy is well accepted.
C. Fossil fuels are being run out of.
D. Geothermal energy has many advantages.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
More and more cities across the world are experimenting with driverless vehicles on public streets. Two of the latest to conduct testing are Paris, France and Las Vegas, Nevada. The cities have used self-driving electric buses to carry passengers on short rides to try out the technology and see how humans react to it.
In Paris, two buses have been transporting passengers across a bridge between two of the city’s busiest rail stations. The vehicles, built by French company EasyMile, travel in a special safety lane created for the project. The fully electric buses can carry up to 10 people. The testing in Paris is expected to last three months. If things go well, officials plan to launch more driverless bus lines later this year.
Jean-louis Missika, deputy mayor of Paris, told reporters at a recent launch event that driveless vehicles represent a “revolution” happening in many cities around the world. He said self-driving technology is set to “change our city environment and public space in an astonishing fashion over the next 20 years”.
Transportation officials say they are planning to use the bus to connect neighborhoods to rail stations around Paris. They will also help ease traffic crowding and reduce severe pollution in the city.
In Las Vegas, the city recently launched the first driverless shuttle bus in the United States. The 12-passenger bus from French company Navya has no steering wheel or brake pedals. It uses cameras and sensors to avoid other vehicles and people while making its way down city streets. The electric vehicles can reach a top speed of 40 kilometers per hour.
The bus operated for a two-week period along one of the busiest entertainment areas in Las Vegas. Rides during the shuttle experiment were free. “The ride was smooth. It's clean and quiet and the seats are comfortable,” said Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman after taking a ride.
1.What is the text mainly about?
A.More cities are using driveless vehicles.
B.Driveless electric buses are tested in some cities.
C.Some cities are trying out a new technology.
D.The driveless buses will reduce severe pollution.
2.What can we learn from the second paragraph?
A.The bridge connects the Paris’ busiest bus stations.
B.A special safety lane was built to test the self-driving buses.
C.The fully electric buses can hold over 10 people.
D.More driverless bus lines have been set up.
3.What does the driverless shuttle bus use to avoid other vehicles and people?
A.Steering wheel. B.Brake pedals.
C.Alarm. D.Cameras and sensors.
4.In which column of a newspaper can we read this passage?
A.Technology. B.Entertainment.
C.Culture. D.Education.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
As computers become more and more popular in China, Chinese are increasingly relying on computer keyboards to input Chinese characters. But if they use the computer too much, they may end up forgetting the exact strokes(笔画) of each Chinese character when writing on paper. Experts suggest people, especially students, write by hand more.
Do you write by hand more or type more? In Beijing, students start using a computer as early as primary school. And computer dependence is more widespread among university students. Almost all their assignments and essays are typed on a computer. All the students interviewed say they usually use computers.
It's faster and easier to correct the mistakes if using a computer. And that’s why computers are being used more and more often in modern education. But when people are taking stock in computers increasingly, problems appear.
“When I'm writing with a pen, I find I often can’t remember how to write a character, though I feel I'm familiar with it.”
“I'm not in the mood to write when faced with a pen and paper.”
Many students don’t feel this is something to worry about. Now that it's more convenient and efficient to type on a computer, why bother to write by hand?
Many educators think differently. Shi Liwei , the headmaster of a famous primary school in the capital said, “Chinese characters enjoy both practical and aesthetic (审美的) value. But those characters typed with computer keyboards only maintain their practical value. All the artistic beauty of the characters is lost. Besides, handwriting contains the writer's emotion. Through one's handwriting, people can learn one's thinking and personality. Beautiful writing will give people a better first impression.”
To encourage students to write more, many primary schools in Beijing have made writing classes compulsory and in universities, some professors are asking students to turn in their homework and essays written by hand.
1.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A.The Importance of Typing
B.Practical and Aesthetic Value of Chinese Characters
C.Writing by Computer Will Replace Writing by Hand
D.To Type or to Write by Hand
2.The students interviewed prefer to type on a computer mainly because_______.
A.they can correct the mistakes quickly and conveniently
B.they are usually asked to e-mail their homework and essays
C.they find it hard to remember how to write a character
D.computers have become a trend and fashion in China
3.Which of the following statements is NOT true about advantages of handwriting?
A.Handwriting contains the writer's emotion.
B.Handwriting can impress people well and build their self-confidence.
C.The writer's thinking and personality are shown in his or her handwriting.
D.Chinese characters enjoy both practical and aesthetic value.
4.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 3 probably means________.
A.getting bored with B.becoming crazy about
C.becoming dependent on D.getting curious about
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Asia-Pacific consumers are the world's largest group of online shopping lovers and many rely on Internet reviews when making purchases, research firm Nielsen said this week.
The firm said 35% of consumers in Asia-Pacific used over 11% of their monthly spending to make online purchases, compared to a global average of 27% of consumers.
South Koreans were the heaviest online buyers in Asia, with 59% directing more than 11% of their monthly spending to online purchases, followed by 41% in China, Nielsen said in a report.
A further 31% of Asian consumers use between 6% and 10% of their monthly shopping purchases to buy items online.
More Asia-pacific consumers also intend to buy online in the next six months than those from other regions, with South Koreans and Chinese the most likely to make such purchases.
Among the purchases consumers in the region are likely to make in the next six months are books, clothing, shoes, airline tickets, electronic equipment and hotel reservations.
"Technology and the Internet will very likely basically change how and where shoppers spend their money and interact with sellers,” said Pete Gale, a managing director at Nielsen's Retailer Services.
"We are seeing a strong trend in markets like Korea, where a significant population of online shoppers buy essentials such as groceries, cosmetics and nutrition supplies over the Internet."
Nielsen said opinions posted online were important in Asia-pacific customers' decisions to buy products such as cosmetics, cars, software and food.
Asia-pacific consumers were also the most likely to share dissatisfaction at a product on the Internet compared with consumers elsewhere.
"The increasing accessibility of the Internet and unbelievable popularity of social media and online discussion forums mean today's brands have nowhere to hide, " said Megan Clarken, Asia-Pacific managing director at Nielsen's online division.
Nielsen said in June that social media such as Facebook and Twitter or blogging sites had become powerful tools influencing what people buy and urged businesses to embrace the trend.
1.What influences Asia-Pacific consumers most when making purchases online?
A. Other buyers' comments
B. Powerful online tools
C. The varieties of online item
D. The price and the way to play
2.Who uses more than 11% of their monthly spending to buy online?
A.31% of Asians B. 41% of Chinese
C. 41% of south Koreans D. 26% of global consumers
3.What is the passage mainly about?
A. The trend of doing e-business is speeding up.
B. Asians are most likely to shop with a “click.”
C. Online shopping is developing quickly worldwide.
D. Asia-Pacific consumers are fans of online discussion forums.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析