任务型阅读
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Deep reading, as opposed to superficial (shallow) reading we do on the Web, is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art.
Recent research has illustrated that deep reading, characterized as a unique experience different kind from the mere understanding of words, is slow, immersive (沉浸的), rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks (超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions—should I click on this link or not—allowing her to remain fully absorbed in the story.
That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the material of literature are also vigorous (有活力的) exercise for the brain, driving us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity (能力) for recognition.
None of this is likely to happen when we’re browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacity they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less satisfying, even for the “digital natives” to whom it is so familiar. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who only read onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and tell which book they like best. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly twice less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.
All in all, the disappearance of deep reading would harm the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains have been trained to understand them.
Passage outline | Supporting details |
The present situation about deep reading | ◆ As we are reading more on the Web, deep reading has a tendency to 1. . ◆ Like a historic building or a significant work of art, deep reading 2. our preservation. |
3. of deep reading | ◆ Deep reading4. complex emotional and moral experiences. ◆ Deep reading usually 5. from printed materials. ◆ Deep reading helps train a reader’s brain and make it more6. . ◆ Compared with online reading, deep reading can bring readers more 7. . ◆ Deep reading makes a bigger 8. in increasing readers’ reading ability. |
Conclusion | ◆ Without deep reading, generations in this digital world can’t develop well in emotion and9. . ◆ Without deep reading, people may be10. to appreciate literature. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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The story of the emperor’s new clothes is one of Andersen's best-known fables. Conmen fool the monarch into believing they have made him a fabulous suit that the unworthy will be unable to see. Courtiers dare not say that the emperor is naked; it takes a child to point out the obvious.
The moral is that people are often too hidebound (迂腐的) by social convention o state their views. How many companies have ploughed ahead with expensive projects that were favoured by the chief executive, even when other managers have had doubts? In his new book Rebel ldeas: The Power of Diverse Thinking, Matthew Syed argues that the key to dealing with this problem is “cognitive diversity”, in other words, assembling a team of people with different perspectives and intellectual backgrounds. It is not just about selecting people for teams from both sexes and various ethnicities. Hire only Cambridge politics graduates or Harvard MBAS or Stanford software engineers and they will have studied under the same professors and absorbed similar world views regardless of their gender or skin colour.
There is another element to selecting a good team: ensuring that those viewpoints are heard and respected. That may not happen if those in charge are overbearing(专横的). A study of over 300 projects by the Rotterdam School of Management found that those led by junior managers were more likely to succeed than those led by senior managers maybe because other team members were less scared about pointing out potential dangers to someone lower down the pecking order(权势等级).
The ability to speak up within an organization, without fear of punishment, is known as “psychological safety”. Mr. Syed cites a study of teams at Google, which found that self-reported psychological safety was by far the most important factor behind successful teamwork at the technology giant.
One way to overcome shyness while brainstorming, for instance, is for everyone to write down their ideas but ensure their names are never known. That way opinions about thoughts are less closely tied to the seniority of the thinker and can be tested against each other with less fear or favour.
Increasing the number and range of ideas on offer may be the secret of success. As Mr. Syed writes, the willingness to share knowledge pays off in a world of complexity. Another advantage of diversity is that outsiders can spot profitable opportunities that insiders may miss. Immigrants account for 13% of the American population but 27. 5%of those who start a new business. By their nature, migrants have more get up and go than the average person otherwise they wouldn't move Some may start businesses because existing ones won't hire foreigners, but Mr. Syed is probably right that experiencing more than one culture is a competitive advantage.
The Power of Diverse Thinking | |
Main points | Detailed information |
Two1. to introduce the problem | When the emperor is convinced that he's wearing a fabulous suit, none but a child dares to point out the fact 2. of being regarded as the unworthy. 3.to the situation in the story, many managers don’t dare to voice their doubts about some projects, which are being pushed ahead with just because of the chief executive's favour. |
Mr. Syed’s solution to the problem: cognitive diversity | A team of people with diverse viewpoints and intellectual backgrounds should be 4.. 1. People of both sexes and various ethnicities don't 5. compose a good team while those with different academic backgrounds are more likely to. 2. Make sure different viewpoints are heard and respected, which may possibly happen when someone less6. is in charge. 3. Some special approaches like ensuring people to express ideas 7. their names unknown to others can be adopted to increase members' psychological safety. |
Some 8. of diverse thinking | The more ideas are collected and the 9. their range is, the higher the chance of success is. 10. profitable opportunities is a relatively easy job for people with diverse thinking. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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The development of penicillin(1928-1945)
In 1928,Alexander Fleming was spending several weeks growing bacteria in piles of dishes for his experiment when he noticed a dish didn't look normal with blue mould in .Much to his astonishment, the mould killed the bacteria surrounding it. After discussing the blue mould with mould expert C. J. La Touche who had his office below Fleming's, they determined the mould to be a Penicillin mould. Fleming then called the active antibacterial agent in the mould, penicillin. He continued to run numerous experiments to determine the effect of the mould on other harmful bacteria. Surprisingly, the mould killed large number of them. He found the mould to be nontoxic and contain a powerful antibiotic.
In 1929, Fleming wrote a paper on his findings, which did not get any scientific interest. His penicillin was still in his lab far from an effective medicine because the development of Penicillin as a drug faced two problems. First, it was difficult for him to purify penicillin to work as a medicine. Second, he was not able to produce penicillin in the ample quantities needed to be effective
Fleming was praised for the discovery, but it was Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and their Colleagues at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University who managed to turn penicillin from a lab curiosity into an effective drug. In 1940,they worked with penicillin. Solving these problems and stepping up its large-scale production
The increasingly obvious value and demand of penicillin in World War II accelerated the process of its mass production, which began in 1944.The wide use of penicillin during World War II saved many lives. Without it, many people would have died due to bacterial infections in even minor wounds.
Fleming discovered penicillin. Florey and Chain made it a usable product with a nickname of “wonder drug”. All three of them were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The development 6f penicillin(1928-1945) | |
The 1.of penicillin | ● While growing bacteria for his experiment,Fleming noticed something 2.in a dish,killing the bacteria surrounding it. ●The blue mould,which Fleming found in the lab by 3. rather than on purpose, was named penicillin. |
The 4.with Fleming' s further research | ● Fleming had 5. making penicillin meet medicine standards of purity. ●He couldn't produce the desired quantities of penicillin to be 6. |
The mass production of penicillin | ● Two other scientists along with their team 7.in making its large-scale production possible. ●World War II 8.up the process of its mass production for military use. |
Significance | ● Widely 9.to treat people in war penicillin saved many lives that otherwise would have been lost. ●penicillin started post-1945 revolution of medicines, for which Fleming, Florey and Chain 10.the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work., |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Reputation of the corporate kind is a ''strategic asset(资产) '' that can be employed to gain ''competitive advantage'', a ''safety buffer(缓冲) '' that can be called upon to protect you against ''negative news''.
The Reputation Institute has offices in 30 countries. Plenty of other organizations offer firms advice on improving their reputations, such as Perception Partners in the United States or specialized divisions within many big consultancies. And a rapidly growing number of consultancies, like Reputation Defender, give people advice on managing their reputations online. For example, they offer tips on how to push positive items up the Google ranking and neutralize(抵消)negative ones.
It's easy to see why so many bosses are such eager consumers of this kind of advice. The market value of companies is increasingly determined by the things you cannot touch: their brands and their intellectual capital, for example, rather than their factories or fleets of trucks. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can turn on a company in an instant and accuse it of racism or crimes against the environment. Customers can trash its products on Twitter. Corporate giants such as Toyota and BP have seen their reputations collapse in the blink of an eye.
Nevertheless, there're three objections to the reputation-management industry. The first is that it conflates(混合)many different things-from the quality of a company's products to its relationship with NGOs-into a single notion of ''reputation''. It also seems to be divided between public-relations specialists (who want to put the best possible information on the news) and corporate-social-responsibility types (who want the company to improve the world and be thanked for it).
The second objection is that the industry depends on a naive(天真的)view of the power of reputation: that companies with positive reputations will find it easier to attract customers and survive crises. It's not hard to think of counter-examples. Tobacco companies make vast profits despite their awful reputations. Everybody strongly criticizes Ryanair for its bad service and the Daily Mail for its mean-spirited journalism. But both firms are highly successful.
The biggest problem with the reputation industry, however, is that the way to deal with potential threats to your reputation is to work harder at managing your reputation. The opposite is more likely: the best strategy may be to think less about managing your reputation and concentrate more on producing the best products and services you can. Many successful companies, such as Amazon, Costco Southwest Airlines and Zappos, have been notable for their intense focus on their businesses, not for their fancy marketing. If you do your job well, customers will say nice things about you and your products.
What's in a name? | |
Values of managing reputation | ● Companies can get1. in competition through the use of strategies to manage reputation. ● Positive reputations tend to reduce the influence of negative news. |
Popularity of consultancies | ● Many organizations provide companies with advice on how to 2.up their reputations. ● Online reputation-management consultancies are on the sharp3.. |
Reasons for bosses being eager for advice about managing reputation | ● The market value of companies increasingly4. on untouchable things. ● Reputation is getting even5. to manage. |
6. to the reputation-management industry | ● It is a(n)7. of too many things, and it seems that opinions about it are8. between public-relations and corporate-social-responsibility specialists. ● The reputation-management industry naively 9. the success of a company to its positive reputation. ● The reputation industry wrongly thinks that the strategy to handle potential threats to a company is to 10. more on its reputation instead of its product quality and services. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Many businesses offer membership cards to clients, promising that they will enjoy discounts, and the more they use the cards, the bigger the discounts will be. This is a common practice to attract and keep regular customers. By providing quality products or services at reasonable prices, businesses can indeed achieve this goal.
However, in recent years, consumers trying to book flights or hotels on certain websites have discovered that prices were actually higher for frequent users than for newcomers. They found that they could pay less by opening up a new account rather than using an old one. Unfortunately, these businesses are using information gathered through big data on clients’ preferences and purchasing habits to take advantage of them, which amounts to targeted price discrimination.
There have been numerous cases of overcharging based on big data on various shopping platforms in recent years. However, since it’s difficult to collect sufficient evidence to accuse these businesses, only a small number of consumers have chosen to take them on. Thus, big data, which is supposed to benefit the public, is helping some businesses cheat consumers. Big data itself is not a bad thing, since it is playing an increasingly important role in social life and economic growth. It can serve as a basic resource and tool. But since it is being used to overcharge frequent clients, the public has expressed anger. It’s a short-sighted behavior that will eventually drive away customers. Instead, big data should be used to improve businesses’ services and products by strengthening supervision (监督)and punishment so that this new technology can play its due role in Internet commerce.
It’s urgent to stop the misuse of big data by stepping up supervision. Market and network supervisory authorities need to join hands in this effort. The illegal use of big data should be severely punished. Advanced technology should be more widely used to supervise big data use.
It’s all right for businesses to employ certain methods to make big money, but to charge regular clients more than newcomers by taking advantage of information collected through big data analysis is violating regular clients’ rights as well as their trust in these businesses. The Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests clearly states that consumers have the right to know the truth about the commodities and services they buy. Thus, to overcharge regular clients is not only betraying the principle of fairness and sincerity, but also relevant laws. In the long run, it’s the businesses that will suffer most.
How Do We Make Good Use of Big Data in Commerce
Passage outline | Supporting details |
A common practice | Businesses, which promise quality products with lower costs, offer membership cards with the1. of appealing to regular customers. |
A reality 2. to expectations | • Newcomers can enjoy a 3. discount than frequent clients by registering a new account. • Personal information gathered; clients have fallen 4. to targeted price discrimination. |
The role of big data in social and economic life | • Despite 5.of hard evidence, there have been lots of cases where companies overcharge customers with the help of big data. • Playing its due role, big data can 6.both businesses and the public. |
7.to discouraging misuse of big data | • Market and network supervisory authorities should make 8.efforts. • Severe 9.is necessary to fight against the illegal use of big data with the wide application of advanced technology. |
Conclusion | Overcharging regular clients violates the principle of fairness and relevant laws, which, in the long run, will be most 10. to businesses. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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It’s taken a long time, but people have finally discovered how much information companies like Google and Facebook have on them. We cannot keep sacrificing privacy and dignity to continue using the Internet. However, at the same time, new digital innovations that millions love and enjoy require our data. So what are we to do?
The biggest issue with the software industry’s data collection is the span of time for which it stores information. The industry simply does not believe in a delete button. For instance, Google has records of all my locations for the last six years, and Facebook has my deleted messages from nearly 10 years ago. This kind of long-term data storage may seem harmless to some. To others, it may even be useful to know what exactly they were doing on a specific day many years ago, or recover messages from a loved one, or see how much their searching and browsing have changed over time.
However, as government surveillance (监视) is emerging as a growing concern — especially in surveillance states-the long-term data storage enacted (实施) by all of the top tech companies is a dream come true for any current or future arbitrary government. A 2013 study surveying US writers found that after they learned of the NSA’s mass surveillance programs, one in six avoided writing on a topic they thought that would subject them to any kind of surveillance, and a further one in six seriously considered avoiding controversial topics.
This is why we need online privacy: we have the right to be curious or conduct digit actions without constantly being tracked, or fearing future reprisals (报复). As Edwam Snowden has put it: “Ask yourself: at every point in history, who suffers the most from unjustified surveillance? It is not the privileged, but the vulnerable (弱势群体) surveillance is not about safety. It’s about control.”
The world is constantly changing. It may be too difficult or even impossible to some agencies from monitoring your internet activity, but we can at least take a first step and protect ourselves from any potential or future surveillance. They will not have access to life’s diary at the click of a button, or see everywhere you have been for 10 years, or use searching or browsing history from when you were a teenager to question your character.
This Digital Expiry Date offers companies the benefits of getting your data, personalizing results and still making profits, while putting some control in the user’s hands. You will not have to worry about governments or companies in the future mishandling years’ worth of information — which would limit the damage they could do. A Digital Expiry Date would maintain online innovation and profitability, while helping to prevent any future privacy disasters.
Passage outline | Supporting details |
Present situation | It’s difficult for us to 1. privacy and dignity while using the Internet. |
Possible effects | ◆The software industry can store our 2. information and even recover deleted messages 10 years ago. ◆Long-term date storage makes it possible to keep 3.of your privacy without your knowledge. |
Growing concerns | ◆All of the top tech companies have enacted the long-term data storage, which is an 4. to government surveillance. ◆To avoid being a5. for surveillance, some writers shrank from controversial topics. ◆Surveillance of the vulnerable who conduct digital actions is actually carried out for the sake of 6.instead of safety. |
7. to the problem | ◆We can create a 8.to any potential or future surveillance, so some agencies will be 9. easy access to our privacy. ◆A Digital Expiry Date can be adopted to help people to 10. less. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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There are times when you want to know how to make friends. Maybe you are just not confident because you're afraid that people may not react the way you want them to. But it is not very hard to make friends; it is just what you think it is that makes you not willing to do it. Continue reading to find out how!
Don’t be mean or rude; you do not want to lose any potential friends. Be nice and friendly. If you want to make friends, you first need to put yourself out there somehow in order to meet people. If you just sit alone, friends might come to you, but the odds are much smaller. If you're still in school, sit somewhere with other people. It doesn’t have to be the ''popular'' or ''cool'' table, or a crowded one, but one with at least two other people. Hang out with many others. The popular kids won’t matter when you’re older, but a true friend will be there for you forever.
There is no necessary need to have a lot of common interests with people in order to make friends with them. But if you like a specific topic, try searching for just an organization or a club where you can find people who are also interested in it and become a member of it. It's a great way to meet new local people.
Volunteering is also a great way for people of all ages to meet others. By working together you build bonds with people, and you might meet others who have a passion for changing things the way you do, that is, a common cause.
There are many ways to start a conversation-a comment about your immediate environment (The weather is a classic: ''At least it's not raining like last week! ''), a request for help (''Can you help me carry a few boxes, if you have a minute? '' or ''Can you help me decide which one of these is a better gift for my mum? '') or a compliment (''I love your shoes. ''). Follow up immediately with a related question: Do you like this warm weather? What kinds of gifts do you normally buy for your mums? Where did you get shoes like that? Also, make a small talk. Remember the 30% talking and 70% listening ratio during small talk.
You've probably heard of fair-weather friends. They're the ones who are happy to be around you when things are going well, but are nowhere to be found when you really need them. Part of being a friend is being prepared to make sacrifices of your time and energy in order to help your friends out. If a friend needs help with an unpleasant chore, or if he or she just needs a shoulder to cry on, be there. If your friend tells a joke, laugh with him or her. Never complain about a friend. If you and your friend agree to meet somewhere, don’t be late, and do not stand him or her up. If you're not going to make it on time or make it at all, call him or her as soon as you realize it. Apologize and ask to reschedule. Be someone who people know that they can count on.
In a word, when you get along with people around you, it's important for you to actively approach others, start a small conversation freely and then develop a close relationship with others.
Introduction | Sometimes you want to find ways to make friends, but you1.confidence. |
Spend more time around people | If you don’t want to lose any potential friends, be nice and friendly to others. |
2.an organization or a club | ▲You don't3.need to have a lot of common interests with people. ▲Some of the most rewarding friendships are between two people who don't have much in common at all. |
Volunteer | When volunteering with others, you can keep in4.with people and might meet those who can change the way that you do. |
Start a conversation | ▲You can start a conversation by5.on the environment or make a small talk. ▲Keep the 30% talking and 70% listening ratio in6.during small talks. |
Be nice and loyal to a friend | ▲Sometimes, you have to7.your time and energy when your friends need help. ▲If a friend needs help when he or she is in trouble, or if he or she wants to 8.joy or sorrow with you, be there. ▲Don't make9.about your friends. ▲Don't be late for your appointments. |
10. | Only when you actively approach others can you make friends with others much better. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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What lies behind the “pay-for-knowledge" boom?
Have you ever paid for educational live videos? Ask a woman on the street and the chances are that she will say yes. These years has seen China's ride on the peak of a trend—"pay-for-knowledge", a new economy that is popular in its prosperity. The content of its products ranges from economics, psychology, and finance to skills of talking, body-building, and baby-caring.
Then what accounts for this craze on “knowledge”? First of all, the Internet serves as a precondition. Compared with traditional business models, online business has removed the barriers. With a fast network and a smartphone, anyone having passed the identity check upon online platforms can apply to be an online teacher, and anyone with an online account can pay for “knowledge products,, he/she wants at an affordable price. Meanwhile, in this age of information, a fear of missing out is generated by information explosion. On one hand, there is ever more desire for focused information that is useful and relevant. On the other hand, such information is usually at the hands of professionals and experts serving well-known companies and schools with high walls.
Admittedly, this “knowledge-based" payment fashion has proved to be profitable. With regard to the whole society, information is motivated to flow relatively free and, to some extent, complete control of information is broken. Besides, as a new industry, this economy insert vigor (活力)into the development of our country. Sellers can reap rich profits from it; buyers can enjoy self-growth and a broader horizon. Plus, this is also a reflection of respect for knowledge and talents. It promises possibilities of turning information into income.
As with all the new industry, however, the "pay-for-knowledge" boom betrays a few problems. For one thing, the market is full of exaggerated slogans, which sound like once you pay for it, you are sure to succeed immediately. Also, most “knowledge" products cannot be counted as knowledge at all. For another, a number of consumers believe such nonsense and buy them just for showing off. It is a pity for them not to understand that in essence, to digest knowledge-based commodities requires a long-term investment of time and energy, as well as the ability to learn by oneself.
On balance, the best is the one that suits you best. Knowledge-based payment should be used as a good start for individual exploration rather than a clutch at straws to save your life. Be careful. Otherwise, great expectation may turn out to be daydreams.
Passage outline | Supporting details |
General introduction | ♦“Pay-for-knowledge" refers to a new economy which is now enjoying 1. and prosperity in China. ♦ The content of its products 2. many areas of our life. |
3. for the craze | ♦The fast network and smartphone make it possible for people to get 4. in online business. ♦ People are afraid to miss the information that is useful and relevant. |
5. | ♦People are relatively free to 6. information with others. ♦This economy can 7. the development of our country. ♦It reflects people's respect for knowledge and talents. |
problems | ♦ The market doesn't always provide 8. information, which may mislead consumers. ♦A number of consumers buy the products blindly. Actually, they can hardly invest so much time and energy to digest, and they 9. the ability to learn by themselves. |
conclusion | People shouldn't 10. too much from knowledge-based payment and the best is the one that suits you best. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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How to Think Outside the Box with Creativity Exercises
Encouraging creative thinking inspires students to ask questions, try new things and apply ideas to practical situations. Use individual and group based activities to open the door to innovation and build individual confidence. Incorporate creativity activities into everyday subject matter like English, science and art. The result will be increased interest in learning and the opportunity for each student to believe in her power to be creative in a variety of situations. Three creativity exercises are suggested as follows.
Use a mind-mapping exercise to help students overcome mind blocks to creativity.
Joyce Wycoff, author of the book “Mindmapping,” explains that a mind map encourages creativity by stimulating the brain to think in different patterns. Put a concept in the center of a large piece of paper and have your students surround the paper, each holding a marker. Ask them to brainstorm ideas and write them as offshoots (分支) to the concept. Have them add images and draw connections between ideas. You can use this to help them create a project, study for tests or organize a research paper.
Play a game of charades to empower students to use their minds and bodies to help their team win the game.
Select words that apply to a new topic you wish to introduce to the class. For example, if you want to discuss the history of your state, pick words that illustrate historical events your class will study. Divide the class into teams and ask volunteers to act out the words. Have students guess what the words are, and write the words on the board after students guess them correctly so they can see a complete list at the end of the game. Go back and forth between teams until all words have been used. When the game is over, ask the class to guess what the words have in common.
Invigorate (鼓舞) your students and stimulate creative thinking by facilitating a sentence relay race.
The goal of the race is to see which team can compose a sentence on a given subject. Begin by taping large pieces of paper to the wall and line up student teams about 5 feet from the wall. Give the teams one marker and a subject for the sentence. Tell them the object of the race is to build a sentence, one word at a time. The first student in each team will begin the sentence with a word. He will then run the marker to the next teammate and continue the process until each student has added a word to the sentence. The sentence relay will encourage quick thinking and stimulate creativity. Use the race to introduce a social studies concept or to reinforce the plot of a story for English class.
How to Think Outside the Box with Creativity Exercises | |||
Introduction | 1.of encouraging creative thinking and organizing creativity exercises | Students are more likely to ask questions, try new things and put ideas into 2.. Students will be increasingly interested in learning and have more3.to be creative by means of | |
Creativity exercises | Helping Students Map Their Minds | 4.of a mind map and how to use it | It encourages creativity by making the brain think 5.. Put a concept in the middle of the paper to which students add 6.and draw connections between them. |
Using Dramatic Play to Lead Students to be Creative | 7.. | Volunteers are asked to act out the words illustrating historical events, of which the correctly guessed words are 8.. | |
9.a Relay by Building a Sentence | The race is 10.at building a sentence, one student, one word at a time until each teammate has made an addition to the sentence. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
For decades, sociologists have been trying to understand why certain people rise to the top of their fields. A number of theories have emerged, so if you're struggling on the path of success, perhaps these will give you some new clues.
IQ is Overrated
A high IQ is necessary, but it is not adequate to predict executive competence and corporate success. While people with high test scores do have more opportunities, that doesn't mean that smart people are more successful. In fact, in many fields the link between success and intelligence is often weak or non-existent. Nobel Prize winning Israeli-American psychologist, Daniel Kahneman, found that people would rather do business with a person they like and trust rather than someone they don’t, even if the likeable person is offering a lower quality product or service at a higher price.
The 10,000 Hours Theory
A Professor at the University of Colorado named Anders Ericsson decided to look at the differences between amateurs and professionals. In 1993, he released a paper that found on average amateurs only got about 4000 hours of practice, but professionals had practiced for at least 10,000 hours. While there's some debate over whether 10,000 hours is a rule or just a theory, many experts agree that a significant number of people who are considered "great" have, on average, 10,000 hours of experience.
Deliberate Practice
If no one is born talented and you need 10,000 hours of practice, what's the most effective way of using those hours? One theory is something sociologists call "deliberate practice." Essentially, there are six elements. The practice needs to be meant to specifically improve performance, and is even more effective if there's coaching. It needs to be repeatable, and feedback regularly is crucial. It also has to be demanding, either physically or mentally. If you're doing all of this correctly, it shouldn't be a fun experience. An example would be a basketball player who isn't very good at free throws spending hours and hours just doing free throws while being coached. Not a great time no matter how big of a basketball fan you are.
No One Succeeds on Their Own
While it would be nice to succeed simply because we work hard, life doesn't work that way. We need help and support from friends, family and teachers, and then we need chances from employers and other key figures in the fields we choose to pursue. In order to succeed, the gifts and interests of a person need to be encouraged, especially at a young age. Then as they grow up, people need to be given opportunities, breaks and second chances. Without help from other people, it makes it impossible to succeed because as Gladwell points out, "… no one—not rock stars, not professional athletes, not software billionaires, and not even geniuses — ever makes it alone."
You Have Amazing Potential
On average, the human mind can remember a sequence of seven to nine numbers. After that it becomes incredibly hard to remember all the numbers in the right order. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University wanted to know if someone of average intelligence could break that barrier with practice. Through a lot of tests, researchers discovered what they called "the remarkable potential of 'ordinary' adults and their amazing capacity for change with practice." Their research showed that even "ordinary" people have the potential to be great by challenging themselves. If you work hard, your goals can be more attainable than you thought.
Passage outline | Supporting details | |
Introduction | Sociologists have been wondering what makes some people successful for years and the following will give you some 1.into it. | |
Some 2. | IQ is Overrated | ◆By itself, a high IQ doesn’t 3. mean that you will stand out and rise above others. ◆People show 4. for more trustworthy business partners rather than those with only higher IQ. |
The 10,000 Hours Theory | ◆What 5.amateurs from professionals is that amateurs only get about 4000 hours of practice while professionals get for at least 10,000 hours. | |
Deliberate Practice | ◆Deliberate Practice needs to be 6.at improving performance specifically and will be more effective with coaching. ◆Deliberate Practice needs to be repeatable and feedback on a regular 7.is crucial. ◆Whatever 8.you have for something, it’s no easy task to do deliberate Practice since it is demanding. | |
No One Succeeds on Their Own | ◆9.to the common belief, you can’t live without other people’s help. | |
You Have Amazing Potential | ◆Through much practice and by challenging youselves, you can break the barrier and 10.your goals. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析