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Exercise may help to safeguard the mind against depression(沮丧) through previously unknown effects on working muscles, according to a new study involving mice.
Mental health experts have long been aware that even mild, repeated stress can contribute to the development of depression and other mood disorders in animals and people. Scientists have also known that exercise seems to cushion against depression. But precisely how exercise, a physical activity can reduce someone’s risk for depression, a mood state, has been mysterious. So for the new study, researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm studied the brains and behavior of mice in a complicated and novel fashion.
We can’t ask mice if they are feeling cheerful or in low spirits. Instead, researchers have pictured certain behaviors that indicate depression in mice. If animals lose weight, stop seeking out a sugar solution when it’s available — because, probably, they no longer experience normal pleasures — or give up trying to escape from the cold-water zone just freeze in place, they are categorized as depressed. And in the new experiment, after five weeks of frequent but low-level stress, such as being lightly shocked, mice displayed exactly those behaviors. They became depressed.
The scientists could then have tested whether exercise blunts (延缓) the risk of developing depression after stress by having mice run first. But, frankly, from earlier research, they wanted to know how, so they bred pre-exercised mice. A wealth of earlier research by these scientists and others had shown that aerobic exercise, in both mice and people, increases the production within muscles of an enzyme (酶) called PGC-1alpha. The Karolinska scientists suspected（怀疑） that this enzyme somehow creates conditions within the body that protect the brain against depression. Then, the scientists exposed the animals, which without exercising, were in high levels of PGC-1alpha to five weeks of mild stress. The mice responded with slight symptoms of worry. But they did not develop depression. They continued to seek out sugar and fought to get out of the cold-water zone. Their high levels of PGC-1alpha appeared to make them depression-resistant（抵抗的）. Finally, to ensure that these findings are relevant to people, the researchers had a group of adult volunteers complete three weeks of frequent endurance training, consisting of 40 to 50 minutes of moderate cycling or jogging. The scientists conducted muscle biopsies (活体检查) before and after the program and found that by the end of the three weeks, the volunteers’ muscle cells contained substantially more PGC-1alpha than at the study’s start.
The finding of these results, in the simplest terms, is that “you reduce the risk of getting depression when you exercise,” said Maria Lindskog, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute.
1.The researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm conducted the new study hoping to know ________.
A. if exercise cushions against depression
B. what can lead to depression in animals and people
C. if stress can contribute to the development of depression
D. how exercise contributes to reducing someone’s risk for depression
2.We can infer from the new experiment conducted by researchers at the Karolinska Institute that mice are depressed except when ________.
A. they attempt to escape from the cold-water zone
B. they stop searching for the sugar water
C. they stand still in place
D. they can’t experience normal pleasures any longer
3.Researchers asked a group of adult volunteers to complete three weeks of frequent endurance training in order to ________.
A. know if exercise can help to safeguard the mind against depression
B. know if they can endure 40 to 50 minutes of moderate cycling or jogging
C. ensure they can lose weight after moderate cycling or jogging
D. confirm the findings above are also relevant to people
4.It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A. the mice with high levels of PGC-1alpha are easier to develop depression
B. athletes are more likely to develop depression than ordinary people
C. the enzyme called PGC-1alpha helps to reduce depression
D. in the past mental health specialists didn’t know exercise could help reduce depression
高二英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
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Exercise may help to safeguard the mind against depression through previously unknown effects on working muscles, according to a new study involving mice.
Mental health experts have long been aware that even mild, repeated stress can contribute to the development of depression and other mood disorders in animals and people. Scientists have also known that exercise seems to cushion against depression. But precisely how exercise, a physical activity can lessen someone’s risk for depression, a mood state, has been mysterious. So for the new study, researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm studied the brains and behavior of mice in a complicated and novel fashion.
We can’t ask mice if they are feeling cheerful or in low spirits. Instead, researchers have pictured certain behaviors that indicate depression in mice. If animals lose weight, stop seeking out a sugar solution when it’s available — because, probably, they no longer experience normal pleasures — or give up trying to escape from the cold-water zone just freeze in place, they are categorized as depressed. And in the new experiment, after five weeks of frequent but low-level stress, such as being lightly shocked, mice displayed exactly those behaviors. They became depressed.
The scientists could then have tested whether exercise blunts (延缓) the risk of developing depression after stress by having mice run first. But, frankly, from earlier research, they wanted to know how, so they bred pre-exercised mice. A wealth of earlier research by these scientists and others had shown that aerobic exercise, in both mice and people, increases the production within muscles of an enzyme (酶) called PGC-1alpha. The Karolinska scientists suspected that this enzyme somehow creates conditions within the body that protect the brain against depression. Then, the scientists exposed the animals, which without exercising, were in high levels of PGC-1alpha to five weeks of mild stress. The mice responded with slight symptoms of worry. But they did not develop depression. They continued to seek out sugar and fought to get out of the cold-water zone. Their high levels of PGC-1alpha appeared to make them depression-resistant. Finally, to ensure that these findings are relevant to people, the researchers had a group of adult volunteers complete three weeks of frequent endurance training, consisting of 40 to 50 minutes of moderate cycling or jogging. The scientists conducted muscle biopsies (活体检查) before and after the program and found that by the end of the three weeks, the volunteers’ muscle cells contained substantially more PGC-1alpha than at the study’s start. The finding of these results, in the simplest terms, is that “you reduce the risk of getting depression when you exercise,” said Maria Lindskog, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute.
1.The researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm conducted the new study hoping to know______.
A. if exercise cushions against depression
B. what can lead to depression in animals and people
C. if stress can contribute to the development of depression
D. how exercise contributes to reducing someone’s risk for depression
2.We can infer from the new experiment conducted by researchers at the Karolinska Institute that mice are depressed except when ______.
A. they stand still in place
B. they stop searching for the sugar water
C. they attempt to escape from the cold-water zone
D. they can’t experience normal pleasures any longer
3.Researchers asked a group of adult volunteers to complete three weeks of frequent endurance training in order to ______.
A. know if exercise can help to safeguard the mind against depression
B. know if they can endure 40 to 50 minutes of moderate cycling or jogging
C. confirm the findings above are also relevant to people
D. ensure they can lose weight after moderate cycling or jogging
4.It can be concluded from the passage that______.
A. the enzyme called PGC-1alpha helps to ease depression
B. athletes are more likely to develop depression than ordinary people
C. the mice with high levels of PGC-1alpha are easier to develop depression
D. in the past mental health specialists didn’t know exercise could help reduce depression
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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D
China may send naval ships to the seas off Somalia to help the fight against piracy（海盗行为） there, Chinese media on Wednesday quoted a Vice Foreign Minister as saying at the United Nations, Reuters reported.
"China is seriously considering sending naval ships to the Gulf of Aden and waters off the Somali coast for escorting operations in the near future," the Xinhua news agency quoted He Yafei as saying. He Yafei, speaking at a Security Council ministerial meeting, said that China welcomed global cooperation in the fight against Somali piracy, and supported efforts by other countries to send ships to the region, Xinhua reported.
Earlier this month a leading Chinese military strategist, Major-General Jin Yinan, urged the government to send ships, in comments generating debate about combating piracy in a country which has generally confined its navy to waters near home. Jin told a Chinese radio interviewer that "nobody should be shocked" if his government one day decided to send navy ships to deal with the pirates, whose recent victims have included ships from Chinese mainland and Hong Kong. Jin is the head of a strategy institute at China's National Defense University.
While the military strategist is urging an active part, other scholars think the government should be cautious before a decision is made. The Chinese military ships should go there "only within the UN framework," said Pang Zhongying, a professor of international relations with Renmin University of China. Pang added that he also had some concerns over the Chinese navy's capability. "I don't think the Chinese navy has the capability to fight against unconventional threats far in the ocean," he said, adding supplying and refueling in the Indian Ocean are key challenges.
A sharp increase in attacks at sea this year in the busy Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean off Somalia has pushed up insurance costs, brought the Somali pirates tens of millions of dollars in ransom（赎金） and prompted foreign warships to the area. Among the captured ships are a Saudi supertanker loaded with $100 million of crude oil, the Sirius Star, and a Ukrainian cargo ship carrying some 30 Soviet-era tanks. The victims have also included a Hong Kong-flagged ship with 25 crew aboard and a Chinese mainland fishing boat reported seized off Kenya. NATO ships began anti-piracy operations off the Somali coast in late October, but they have failed to stop the attacks.
56. This year, many ships from different countries have been captured by the Somali pirates except _______.
A. a Saudi supertanker B. a Ukrainian cargo C.NATO ships D. the Sirius Star
57. The underlined word "confined" in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
A. involved B. restricted C. confirmed D. contract
58. From the passage, we learn that _______.
A. China has sent its navy to fight the Somalia pirates
B. some countries have launched their anti-piracy operations
C. the Somalia pirates often attacked foreign warships for ransom
D. The Chinese navy hasn’t the capability to travel far to combat pirates
59. When the Major-General Jin Yinan said "nobody should be shocked", he actually indicated that ________.
A. the Chinese people should keep calm about the government's decision
B. no one should be frightened by the pirates' attack as the Chinese navy will defend them
C. it is reasonable for China to send its navy to fight against the Somalia pirates
D. if China had dealt with the pirates earlier, nobody would have been shocked
60. Professor Pang Zhongying’s main concern about the Chinese naval ships is that _______.
A. adding supplying and refueling far in the ocean is really a challenge
B. the Chinese navy has never fought against such unconventional threats
C. the fighting against pirates is not within the UN framework
D. the attacks in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean off Somalia has increased sharply
高二英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
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American researchers say drinking tea may help strengthen the body's defense system against infection．Doctors at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston， Massachusetts， did the study． The team studied a chemical found in black， green， oolong and pekoe tea． This chemical is an amino acid called L-theanine． The scientists say it may increase the strength of gamma delta T cells． That's the letter T， not the drink． Gamma delta T cells are part of the body's defense．
First， the researchers mixed some of these cells with antigens found in the amino acid． Antigens help the body react to infection． Then the scientists added some bacteria． Within twenty-four hours， the cells produced a lot of interferon， a substance that fights infection． Cells not mixed with the antigens did not produce interferon．
In the second part of the study， eleven people drank five to six cups of black tea every day． Ten other people drank the same amount of instant coffee． That is dried coffee mixed with hot water．
Two weeks later， and again two weeks after that， the researchers tested the blood of all twenty-one people． They also looked at what happened when they added bacteria to the blood cells． They found that the tea drinkers produced five times more interferon after they started drinking tea． The coffee drinkers did not produce interferon．
Doctor Jack Bukowski led the study． He says the antigens added to the gamma delta T cells were responsible for the increased reaction to the bacteria． He says that the study also showed that the cells were able to remember the bacteria and fight them again the next time．
Earlier research already has found that tea can help prevent heart disease and cancer． Doctor Bukowski says the new study must be repeated by more people． "If the findings prove to be true，" he says， "then tea drinking might also help protect against bacterial infections．" He says the amino acid L-theanine could be removed from the tea and used as a drug to strengthen the body's defenses．
1.We may know from the text that ______ can be found in different kinds of tea．
A. L-theanine B. Gamma delta T cells
C. interferon D. bacteria
2.Tea may help strengthen the body's defense system because it helps ______ ．
A. to add some bacteria to the blood cells
B. the body to produce more gamma delta T cells
C. the body to produce more interferon
D. to mix antigens with some of the cells in the body
3.According to Dr Bukowski， ______ ．
A. the findings of the study have already proved to be true
B. further study is needed to prove the findings true
C. he has taken some amino acid L-theanine from tea and made a drug with it
D. he is not sure whether tea help prevent heart disease and cancer
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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American researchers say drinking tea may help strengthen the body’s defense system against infection. Doctors at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, did the study. The team studied a chemical found in black, green, oolong and pekoe tea. This chemical is an amino acid(氨基酸) called L-theanine. The scientists say it may increase the strength of gamma delta T cells. That’s the letter T, not the drink. Gam
ma delta T cells are part of the body’s defense.First, the researchers mixed some of these cells with antigens（抗原）found in the amino acid. Antigens help the body react to infection. Then the scientists added some bacteria. Within twenty-four hours, the cells produced a lot of interferon, a substance that fights infection. Cells not mixed with the antigens did not produce interferon (抗干扰素).
In the second part of the study, eleven people drank five to six cups of black tea every day. Ten other people drank the same amount of instant coffee. That is dried coffee mixed with hot water.
Two weeks later, and again two weeks after that, the researchers tested the blood of all twenty-one people. They also looked at what happened when they added bacteria to the blood cells. They found that the tea drinkers produced five times more interferon after they started drinking tea. The coffee drinkers did not produce interferon.
Doctor Jack Bukowski led the study. He says the antigens added to the gamma delta T cells were responsible for the increased reaction to the bacteria. He says that the study also showed that the cells were able to remember the bacteria and fight them again the next time.
Earlier research already has found that tea can help prevent heart disease and cancer. Doctor Bukowski says the new study must be repeated by more people. “If the findings prove to be true,” he says, “then tea drinking might also help protect against bacterial infections.” He says the amino acid L-theanine could be removed from the tea and used as a drug to strengthen the body’s defenses.
1.We may know from the text that _________ can be found in different kinds of tea.
A. L-theanine B. Gamma delta T cells
C. interferon D. bacteria
2.Tea may help strengthen the body’s defense system because it helps _________.
A. to add some bacteria to the blood cells
B. the body to produce more gamma delta T cells
C. the body to produce more interferon
D. to mix antigens with some of the cells in the body
3.According to Dr Bukowski, _________.
A. the findings of the study have already proved to be true
B. further study is needed to prove the findings true
C. he has taken some amino acid L-theanine from tea and made a drug with it
D. he is not sure whether tea help prevent heart disease and cancer
4.What would be the best title for this text?
A. Tea Is Better than Coffee B. Our Body Needs Tea
C. Tea Can Help Prevent Cancer D. Tea May Help Fight Infection
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Twenty minutes of exercise may help kids with ADHD(小儿多动症) settle in to read or solve a math problem, a new research suggests.
The small study, of 40 8～10 year-olds, looked only at the short-term effects of a single period time of exercise. But researchers warn that they are not saying exercise is the answer to ADHD.
But it seems that exercise may at least do no harm to kids' ability to focus, they say. And further studies should look into whether it's a good choice for managing some children's ADHD.
“This is only a first study,” said lead researcher Matthew B. Pontifex, of Michigan State University in East Lansing.
“We need to learn how long the effects last, and how exercise might combine with or compare to traditional ADHD treatments” like stimulant medications(刺激性药物), Pontifex explained.
He noted that there's been a lot of research into older adults. But little is known about kids, even though some parents, teachers and doctors have advocated exercise for helping children with ADHD.
So for their study, Pontifex and his colleagues found 20 children with diagnosed(诊断) or suspected ADHD, and 20 ADHD-free kids of the same age and family-income level.
All of the children took a standard test of their ability to ignore distractions(注意力分散) and stay focused on a simple task at hand - the main ability” that troubles kids with ADHD, Pontifex noted. The kids also took standard tests of reading, spelling and math skills.
Each child took the tests after either 20 minutes of treadmill(跑步机) exercise or 20 minutes of quiet reading (on separate days). Overall, the study found, both groups of children performed better after exercise than after reading.
On the test of focusing ability, the ADHD group was correct on about 80 percent of responses after reading, versus(相对于) about 84 percent after exercise. Kids without ADHD performed better -reaching about a 90 percent correct rate after exercise.
Similarly, both groups of kids scored higher on their reading and math tests after exercise, versus post-reading.
1.What does the new research suggest?
A.Exercising will make kids with ADHD stronger.
B.Exercising will help kids with ADHD focus better.
C.Exercising will help make math problems easier.
D.Exercising will help kids read more quickly.
2.What is the problem about the research into kids?
A.There is too much research into the older adults.
B.The research about the ADHD is enough.
C.The research about kids with ADHD is limited.
D.Exercise is not combined with traditional treatment.
3.Why did Pontifex’s team need 20 ADHD –free kids during the research?
A.They need to compare their performance with that of kids with ADHD.
B.They need them to do some reading and math problems after school.
C.They need them to take a standard test of their ability to ignore distractions.
D.They need them to take standard tests of reading, spelling and math skills.
4.What happened to the kids after exercising?
A.Kids with ADHD performed better than kids without ADHD in reading.
B.Kids without ADHD performed the same before and after exercising.
C.Both groups scored higher on their reading and math tests after reading.
D.Both kids with ADHD and without ADHD performed better after exercise.
高二英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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We need to put safeguards ______ to prevent this type of accident occurring again.
A. in mind B. in trouble C. in general D. in place
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
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_________ us with the ability to fight against disease, but it also helps us build our body. So, it is on my list of __________.
A. Vitamin C not only provides; advice
B. Not only does Vitamin C provide; recommendation
C. Not only does Vitamin C provides; suggestion
D. Vitamin C not only provided; proposal
高二英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
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背诵课文填空
May 24, 2005 will live in my mind forever. The day started to go wrong 1. 2. I left home. Normally, the school bus arrives at 7:30, but that day it didn't arrive at all! After waiting for ages, I decided to walk. This was a big mistake! The sun was already 3. 4. and you can imagine how I felt by the time I arrived at school. But the trouble was only just beginning. As I climbed up the stairs to the classroom, I heard 5. 6. 7. behind me. It was Mr. Fan, the English teacher, calling out my name. "Good luck in the poetry reading competition this afternoon," said Mr. Fan as he quickly passed me... When I left the stage people didn't applaud very loudly and it came as no surprise that I was last in the competition. And so the day went on, until finally I climbed, 8. 9. 10., into bed. Even then, my troubles were not over. As I got into bed, my hand knocked over the glass of water on the bedside table. Water spilled all over my pillow. What a clumsy end to an awful day!
高二英语根据课文内容填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
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—Would she mind playing against her former teammates?
—________ She is willing to play against any tough players.
A. I think so. B. I’m not surprised. C. Of course. D. Not likely!
高二英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
ma delta T cells are part of the body’s defense.