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School lunches in Japan

Japan manages a rare achievement for a developed country when it comes to feeding its children ― high scores for nutrition but very low obesity rates. One major key? School lunches.

A landmark report by the UN's children agency UNICEF released Tuesday shows Japan topping the charts for childhood health indicators, with low rates of infant mortality and few underweight children.

Experts say there are various factors at work, including a health-conscious society and regularly check-ups for children required by law, but a nationwide school lunch program also plays a key role.

"School lunches with menus that are created by nutritionists are provided to all primary schools and the majority of junior high schools throughout Japan,," Mitsuhiko Hara, a pediatrician and professor at Tokyo Kasei Gakuin University, told AFP.

The lunches are mandatory — no packed lunches allowed ― and while they are not free for most, they are heavily subsidized 补助）.Each meal is designed to have around 600-700 calories balanced between carbohydrates, meat or fish and vegetables.

"School lunch is designed to provide nutrition that tends to be lacking in meals at home," Education Ministry official Mayumi Ueda told AFP. "I think it contributes to the nutritional balance necessary for children."

Unlike the cafeteria system operated in some Western countries, Japanese school lunches are usually served in the classroom. Pupils frequently dish out the food to each other and clean up the room afterwards. There is no choice of meal, and no concessions offered for vegetarians, or anyone with religious restrictions.

The lunches are intended not only to feed children, but to teach them. "There's also a daily broadcast at school to explain the nutritional elements contained in the school lunch of the day, and this is a good way to educate kids,” Hara said.

"School lunch is positioned as part of education under the law,'? Ueda said. "It's not just about eating food, but children learn to serve, and clean up on their own?"

The Japanese government studies nutrition and eating habits in Japan annually, and uses the results to shape what goes into the school meals, she added.

And there are other factors at work, Hara acknowledged. "Because many Japanese are health-conscious, they try to eat a variety of food, which is good," he said. "And we're taught to eat seasonal food, which also contributes to good health. Japan is one of the rare countries that pay so much attention to food that is associated with specific seasons," he added.

Hara said another factor in Japan is regularly mandated childcare health checks. Parents of infants receive reminders from the local government, and children are given health checks at school, including measuring height and weight.

Still, even Japan has not escaped entirely the growing trend toward overweight children and childhood obesity, which in Japan, like elsewhere, tends to affect those from less wealthy families.

"Children in poverty are more likely to be overweight because families try to cut costs," Hara said. "As a result, they eat less protein but consume more carbs and sugar, which leads to obesity."

School lunches are all the more important to children in such situations, he said.

School lunches in Japan
Introduction	As is reported by the UNICEF. Japan 1. high in childhood health: A social awareness of health, regular and 2. check-ups for children and a nationwide school lunch program are main 3.
Details of school lunches	Regarding health	• Menus created by nutritionists and 4. annually by government • Meals 5. innutrition • Food of great 6. and seasonal food • Official reminders of childcare health checks
Regarding7.	The lunches are intended to improve • students' service consciousness and 8.. • students' knowledge of nutritional elements.
Problems to be solved	9. of less protein but more carbs and sugar in 10. families leads to the increasing number of overweight children in Japan.

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Made In The USA: An Export Boom

In his State of the Union address two years ago, President Obama argued that in order to recover from the economic recession, one of the few things the U．S. needed to do was to export more goods around the world. That night, the president unveiled a new goal: to double U．S. exports over the next five years. It would be an increase that the president said would “support two million jobs in America.”

Most economists dismissed the promise at the time as something unrealistic, but two years later, the U．S. is on pace to meet that goal. American exports are up 34 percent since the president gave that speech, and the number continues to rise.

Competitive In A Global Market

Marlin Steel, a metal working business in Baltimore, makes parts that ship all across the world. “We export to 36 countries，” owner Drew Greenblatt tells All Things Considered Host Guy Raz.“We're working around the clock, and we're growing.”

It's not just advanced manufacturing exports on the rise, but pork, cattle and all kinds of agricultural exports are up as well. Even American craft beer has found an export market.

Flying Dog CEO Jim Caruso says that increasingly, people all over the world are trying the beer from the Maryland－based brewery. Caruso says，“Even in those top beer－producing countries, a competitive American product is finding a market.”

Services Are Exports, Too

Another place exports are coming from is New York City—in particular, the 30^th floor of a Manhattan skyscraper on 5^th Avenue and 52^nd Street. That's where the consulting firm Kurt Solomon lies. It doesn't actually produce a product for export; it provides management advice and strategy.

“Four out of every five Americans is now employed in the service industry，” the nation's top trade official, Ron Kirk says, “Services are a significant part of our exports, and make up about a quarter of our exported goods.” These services can include everything from legal consulting, finance, information technology and even engineering.

And There Are Other Factors

So why has there been an increase of more than 30 percent for exports in almost everything? Part of the increase, at least for the manufacturing side, is due to better technology, says Tyler Cowen, an economist. “A lot of it is being driven by smart machines，” he tells Raz，“The U．S. has high wage rates, which is a disadvantage, but if machines are doing a lot of the work, that doesn't matter.”

China factors a lot in America's export economy, too.“Wages in China have been going up as the country becomes more productive. Thus China is losing the cheap labor advantage it has held for some time.” Cowen says.

Will Jobs Grow, too?

“Companies have become more productive by dismissing workers and lowering costs.”Cowen says.“So I don't view exporting as a way of creating a very large number of jobs, but it will create more profits.”

So not every business or worker is necessarily benefiting from the export boom in the U．S., and Cowen says that could ultimately lead to a polarization(两极) of economic outcomes.

Made In the USA: An Export Boom

Outline	Details
The purpose of increasing exports	To help America make a (1)______ from the economic recession To help raise the nation's (2)______ rate
The current situation	American exports have risen (3)______ thirty－four percent up to now There has been an increase in exports in everything *The export boom does not necessarily (4)______ every business or worker
(5)______ contributing to the export boom	(6)______products	Even in those top beer－producing countries, people try craft beer from Flying Dog, a brewery (7)______ in Maryland
Various products	A variety of products are provided around the world，services (8)______ for 25%
Lower costs	(9)______ take the place of labor, helping companies reduce wages China, who used to take (10)______ of cheap labor, has given way to America in exports to some extent because of its increasing production

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Communication Principles

How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate.“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center”.Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them.But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication.A student.for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions.and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class.”The teacher might say the opposite.Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong.

The concept of serf originates in communication.Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others.You establish self-image。The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you.Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are.Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process.Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people.In a more obvious way.communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share.So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self.

Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life.If you are not communicating　 with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior.Even if the other person did not intend a message for you.you gather observations and draw specific conclusions.A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message.A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you.A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you.We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.

More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement.You may have made a joke out of your rude statement.Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind.You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others.Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated.When you tried to re—create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right.Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results.

Paragraph outline	Supporting Details
Communication begins with the self	●People are somewhat products of others’ treatment and messages. ●we are always 1. in communication with others.
Communication 2. others	●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles. ●Messages from others help you3. who you are. ●Needs and4. of others should be considered.
Communication 5. everywhere	●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world. ●We are always6.other people by observing even if they do not intend any message for you. ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others’ 7. . ●We are constantly8. meanings by what we do.
Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated	●You may explain what you have done，but you cannot9. what remains in the other person’s mind. ●Yon may redo the conversation，but you10. achieve the same results.

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Communication Principles

How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate．“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center”．Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them．But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication．A student．for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions．and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class．”The teacher might say the opposite．Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong．

The concept of serf originates in communication．Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others．You establish self-image。The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you．Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process．Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people．In a more obvious way．communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self．

Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life．If you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions．A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message．A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you．A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you．We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．

More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement．You may have made a joke out of your rude statement．Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind．You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated．When you tried to re—create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right．Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．

Paragraph outline	Supporting Details
Communication begins with the self	●People are somewhat products of others’ treatment and messages． ●we are always（1.）▲ in communication with others．
Communication （2.） ▲ others	●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles． ●Messages from others help you（3.）▲ who you are． ●Needs and（4.）▲ of others should be considered．
Communication （5.）▲ everywhere	●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world． ●We are always（6.）▲ other people by observing even if they do not intend any message for you． ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others’（7.）▲ ． ●We are constantly（8.）▲ meanings by what we do．
Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated	●You may explain what you have done，but you cannot（9.）▲ what remains in the other person’s mind． ●Yon may redo the conversation，but you（10.）▲ achieve the same results．

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Antibiotics, insulin, organ transplantation, HIV treatments and heart-bypass surgeries—it reads like an A to Z of medical progress. But the major progress has something in common: they were all developed and tested by using animals. Actually, animals are used for research in a variety of settings. Whether or not humans should use animals for testing purposes, however, is a controversial subject.

Animal testing allows researchers to develop new medicine and treatments, advancing the field of medicine and improving the health of society. For example, many drugs used to treat or prevent cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc, have resulted from tests performed on animals. Many advocators of animal testing support the practice for this reason, even if they do not support testing, cosmetics or other non-essential substances on animals. No one chooses to use animals where there in no need. In fact, animal research has contributed to 70 percent of Nobel prizes for physiology or medicine.

Animal testing also enables scientists and researchers to test the safety of medicine and other substances with which humans have regular contact. Drugs, for example , may create significant risks to humans, so testing them on animals first gives researchers a chance to determine their safety before human trials are performed. While scientists understand the differences between humans and animals, the similarities are considered significant enough to produce relevant data that they can then apply to humans. This, animal testing reduces harm to humans and saves lives, not only because the exposure to risky substances is minimized, but because some new medicine and treatments have positive effects on humans’ overall quality of life.

However, a significant number of animals are harmed or die as a result of experiments and testing. Unfortunately, many of the substances used on animal subjects never receive approval for human use or consumption. Those who oppose animal testing consider this a very important point , because saving humans from suffering is no excuse for the death of laboratory animals. Opponents also argue that animals are dissimilar enough from humans to make the results of animals tests unreliable. Related criticism is that testing causes stress in animals, meaning that they do not react to experimental substances in the same way that they might in natural circumstances, making the results of experiments less valid

Using animals as research subjects is also expensive because they require food, shelter, care and treatment in addition to the costs of experimental substances. Long-term or multi-stage tests can increase the costs of the practice as well. The actual price paid for animals is also worth considering. In this respect, researchers take on an additional burden.

Title	Should Humans Experiment on Animals?
Introduction	Many __1.___ have been made on medical research by using animal testing
__2.______ about animal testing	People _3._____ up for it	New medicine and treatments can be developed. Advancements in the field of medicine and _4._________ in humans’ health can be made. Researchers can __5._____patients　 the safety of new treatments and medicine. Scientists can collect research data in ____6.______ with humans’ medical problem. Harm done to humans will be reduced to the 【小题7___ and more lives will be saved.
People opposing it	The experiments may put many animals’ lives at _7._______. Experiments may not ____8.____ produce reliable results because animals do not react normally under stress. Researchers will be __9._______ with the extra costs of animals and their care.

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Family structure is the core of any culture．A major function of the family is to socialize new members of a culture．As children are raised in a family setting，they learn to become members of the family as well as members of the larger culture．The family provides the model for all other relationships in society．Through the observations and modeling of the behavior of other family members，children learn about the family and society including the values of the culture．Family structure and their inherent relationships and obligations are a major source of cultural difference．
The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives．Many people worry about their families' welfare，reputation，and honor．Asian families are often extended，including several generations related by blood or marriage living in the same home．An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family—including the dead ancestors．
Traditional Chinese，among many other Asians，respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them．Children repay their parents' sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age．This is accepted as a natural part of life in China．In contrast，taking care of aged parents is often viewed as tremendous burden in the United States，where aging and family support are not honored highly．
The Vietnamese family consists of people currently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the asyet unborn．Any decisions or actions are done from family considerations，not individual desires．People's behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family．Vietnamese children are trained to rely on their families，to honor elderly people，and to fear foreigners．Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life．
Fathers in traditional Japanese families are typically strict and distant．Japanese college students in one study said they would tell their fathers just about as much as they would tell a total stranger．The emotional and communication barrier between children and fathers in Japan appears very strong after children have reached a certain age．
Although there has been much talk about “family values”in the United States，the family is not a usual frame of reference for decisions in U．S．mainstream culture．Family connections are not so important to most people．Dropping the names of wealthy or famous people the family knows is done in the United States，but it is not viewed positively．More important is a person's own individual “track record” of personal achievement．
Thus，many cultural differences exist in family structures and values．In some cultures，the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions．In other cultures，the individuals，not the family，is primary．In some cultures，the family's reputation and honor depend on each person's actions；in other cultures，individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life．Some cultures value old people，while other cultures look down on them．
(Adaptedfrom R．L．Oxford & R．C．Scarcella，“A Few Family Structures and Values Around the Globe”)

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The Bigger Sleep

School starting times in America vary from an average of 7:48 am in go-getting Mississippi to 8:31 am in late-rising Connecticut. According to a survey by the National Centre for Education Statistics in 2017-18, only in two states — Alaska and Connecticut — do schools start after 8:30 am, the earliest recommended time by a number of medical organisations.

On October 13th Gavin Newsom, California’s governor, signed legislation setting a limit on starting times of half past eight for high-schoolers, in the hope that they will benefit from the extra time in bed.

There is plenty of reason to think they will. Adolescents require more sleep in the morning which will keep them energetic the whole day. A research review by scientists at the Centres for Disease Control finds that later school starting times correspond with improved attendance, less falling asleep in class, and better grades. The Rand Corporation estimates that moving to a half-past-eight start across the country would boost the economy by more than $80bn within a decade.

In response to the evidence, school districts across the country have begun to move starting times back, but California is the first state to take the leap. Parents and unions are often bitterly opposed. The California Teachers Association resisted the change, citing the financial burden on schools as they adjust to the new hours, as well as the burden on parents who work as laborers or in the service industry, and cannot start work later. Last year Mr Newsom’s predecessor, Jerry Brown, vetoed similar legislation, saying the decision should be left to school districts.

Supporters argue that it is appropriate for the state to set a minimum health-and-welfare standard, as it does in other areas. It will be up to school districts to decide whether to end the day later, or cut its length. Anthony Portantino, the democratic state senator who introduced the legislation, believes evidence of the change’s benefits will soon win over opponents in rural areas. “There really is no significant reason not to do this,” he says, “other than an overwhelming resistance to change from adults.”

The Bigger Sleep
Background to the legislation	• American schools have 1. starting times. • Only schools in Alaska and Connecticut 2. the recommended starting times.
Content of the legislation	High-schoolers should start school no 3. than 8:30 am, which allows them extra time in bed.
Benefits of the legislation	• Adolescents feel 4. with more sleep in the morning. • Later school starting times are linked to decreased 5., less falling asleep in class and better grades. • It is 6.that later school starting times can boost the economy.
Opinions of the 7.	• Schools may bear the burden of 8. when they adjust to the new hours. • Parents working as laborers or in the service industry may 9.to get to work on time.
Opinions of the supporters	• Setting a minimum health-and-welfare standard seems to be an appropriate practice. • Although an overwhelming resistance does 10. in adults, it is reasonable to make the change.

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Family structure is the core of any culture. A major function of the family is to socialize new members ofa culture. As children are raised in a family setting, they learn to become members of the family as well as members of the larger culture. The family provides the model for all other relationships in society. Through the observations and modeling of the behavior of other family members, children learn about the family and society including the values of the culture. Family structure and their inherent relationships and obligations are a major source of cultural difference.

The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives. Many people worry about their families' welfare, reputation, and honor. Asian families are often extended, including several generations related by blood or marriage living in the same home. An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family—including the dead ancestors.

Traditional Chinese, among many other Asians, respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents' sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as tremendous burden in the United States, where aging and family support are not honored highly.

The Vietnamese family consists of people currently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn. Any decisions or actions are done from family considerations, not individual desires. People's behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family. Vietnamese children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.

Fathers in traditional Japanese families are typically strict and distant. Japanese college students in one study said they would tell their fathers just about as much as they would tell a total stranger. The emotional and communication barrier between children and fathers in Japan appears very strong after children have reached a certain age.

Although there has been much talk about "family values" in the United States, the family is not a usual frame of reference for decisions in U.S. mainstream culture. Family connections are not so important to most people. Dropping the names of wealthy or famous people the family knows is done in the United States, but it is not viewed positively. More important is a person's own individual "track record" of personal achievement.

Thus, many cultural differences exist in family structures and values. In some cultures, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions. In other cultures, the individuals, not the family, is primary. In some cultures, the family's reputation and honor depend on each person's actions; in other cultures, individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life. Some cultures value old people, while other cultures look down on them.

(Adapted from R. L. Oxford & R. C. Scarcella, "A Few Family Structures and Values Around the Globe")

Outline	Supporting details
1.　　　 A to family structure	Family structure is of great 2.　　 A　 in different cultures. Children raised in a family will gradually learn how to 3.　　 A in a way which is acceptable in their culture or setting. 'Many cultural differences 4.　　 A from family structures.
Examples of Asian families	Traditional Asians 5.　　 A their lives around family. Not only the individual but the family is to6.　　 A for any wrongdoings. O In China, parents' sacrifices will probably7.　　 off when children grow up. Children will also provide for the elders. O In Vietnam, it's not from the personal desires but from family considerations that decisions or actions are done. In Japan, children are 8.　　 A to share their emotions with father, thus making communication difficult.
Examples of families in the USA	Americans don't lay much emphasis on family values. 9.　　 A personal achievement is considered more important.
Conclusion	Family structures and values 10.　　 A　 in different cultures.

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High blood pressure is defined as 140 mmHg over 90 mmHg, and for years, doctors have used that measure as the threshold for prescribing anti-hypertensive drugs. But based on new recommendations, adults who are 60 or older can wait until their readings reach 150 over 90 or above to begin medication. After reviewing available evidence on the effects of blood pressure treatments, the Institute of Medicine’s Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) concluded that aggressive treatment can lead to lightheadedness, falls and fainting in elderly populations — so they advised loosening the guidelines for starting medication.
But days after the guidelines were published, heart experts raised concerns about how the advice would affect patients; inadequately controlled blood pressure is a risk factor for heart attack and stroke.
Members of the JNC8 who voted against the recommendations published an editorial in the Annals of Internal Medicine outlining their reasons for opposing the change. “We, the panel minority, believed that evidence was insufficient to increase the target goal from its current level because increasing the goal may cause harm by increasing the risk for CVD（心血管疾病）and partially undoing the remarkable progress in reducing cardiovascular mortality in Americans older than 60,” they wrote.
Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum said she has not changed the way she treats her patients over 60. She says, “As a preventive cardiologist（心脏病学家）, these new guidelines have made me crazy. What we have learned is that blood pressure treatment even for a patient above 80 has been shown to be critical. It goes against everything we know as cardiologists.”
Defending the panel’s decision, Dr. Paul A. James, co-chairman of the guidelines committee, said in an email to TIME, “I can assure you that the panel discussed the opinions of the minority members on three different occasions and the majority were not persuaded that the expert skills of a few members should override the scientific evidence.”
James said that as with any medications, doctors will use the blood pressure recommendations as guidelines, and prescribe drugs based on their evaluation of each patient. “Medications prescribed by physicians all have the potential to be dangerous,” he wrote. “Educating doctors about the scientific evidence will help doctors make better decisions with patients. Physicians who practice on the basis of scientific evidence usually subscribe to simple rule — if the medicine cannot be shown to help the patient, then the medicine should not be prescribed.”
The editorial isn’t likely to change them any time soon. But the concerns should urge doctors to monitor their patients more closely and tailor medications and their doses more carefully.

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Is Loneliness a Health Epidemic (流行病)？

Over the last twenty years, more and more studies reveal increasing numbers of people experience loneliness regularly. In the face of such a situation, earlier this year, Britain appointed its first “minister for loneliness”, who is charged with dealing with what the Prime Minister called the “sad reality of modern life”.

Public-health leaders immediately praised the idea-and for good reason. In recent decades, researchers have discovered that loneliness left untreated is not just psychically painful; it also can have serious medical consequences. And numerous studies have linked loneliness to heart disease, cancer, depression, diabetes and suicide. Vivek Murthy, the former United States surgeon general, has written that loneliness is associated with a reduction in life span similar to that caused by smoking 15 cigarettes a day and even greater than that associated with obesity.

Anxiety about loneliness is a common feature of modern societies. Today, two major causes of loneliness seem possible. One is that societies throughout the world have embraced a culture of individualism. More people are living alone, and aging alone, than ever. Liberal social policies have turned workers into unstable free agents, and when jobs disappear, things fall apart fast. Labor unions, civic associations, neighborhood organizations, religious groups and other traditional sources of social unity are in steady decline. Increasingly, we all feel that we’re on our own.

The other possible cause is the rise of communication technology, including smartphones, social media and the Internet. A decade ago, companies like Facebook, Apple and Google promised that their products would help create meaningful relationships and communities. On the contrary, we’ve used the media system to deepen existing divisions, at both the individual and group levels. We may have thousands of “friends” and “followers” on Facebook and Instagram,　 but when it comes to human relationships, it turns out there’s no choice but to build them the old-fashioned way, in person.

But is loneliness, as many political officials and experts are warning, a growing “health epidemic”? I don’t believe so, nor do I believe it helps anyone to describe it that way. Social disconnection is a serious matter, yet — if we arouse a panic over its popularity and impact, we’re less likely to treat it properly.

In places like the United States and Britain, it’s the poor, unemployed, displaced and migrant populations that suffer most from loneliness. Their lives are unstable, and so are their relationships. When they get lonely, they are the least able to get adequate social or medical support.

I don’t believe we have a loneliness epidemic. But millions of people are suffering from social disconnection. Whether or not they have a minister for loneliness, they deserve more attention and help than we’re offering today.

Is Loneliness a Health Epidemic?
Introduction	•The severity of loneliness resulted in the 1. of “minister for loneliness” in Britain.
Consequences of loneliness	•If left untreated, people 2. from loneliness may well develop physical and mental illnesses.
•Similar to negative effects caused by smoking and obesity, loneliness is to blame for 3. deaths.
Possible 4.of loneliness	•In a culture laying emphasis on individualism, it has become too easy to be alone. Meanwhile, with sources of social unity declining 5.people lack opportunities to be connected.
• 6. to what technological companies promised, the growth of using modem technology actually leads people to split up, as there is no 7. for face-to-face communication.
Writer’s attitudes towards loneliness	•Overstatement about loneliness may panic people, which is likely to lead to 8. treatment of the problem.
•There is no epidemic, but people at a(n)) 9. are in need of adequate social or medical support, and those disconnected from society are 10. of more concern.

高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析

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Reputation of the corporate kind is a ''strategic asset(资产) '' that can be employed to gain ''competitive advantage'', a ''safety buffer(缓冲) '' that can be called upon to protect you against ''negative news''.

The Reputation Institute has offices in 30 countries. Plenty of other organizations offer firms advice on improving their reputations, such as Perception Partners in the United States or specialized divisions within many big consultancies. And a rapidly growing number of consultancies, like Reputation Defender, give people advice on managing their reputations online. For example, they offer tips on how to push positive items up the Google ranking and neutralize(抵消)negative ones.

It's easy to see why so many bosses are such eager consumers of this kind of advice. The market value of companies is increasingly determined by the things you cannot touch: their brands and their intellectual capital, for example, rather than their factories or fleets of trucks. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can turn on a company in an instant and accuse it of racism or crimes against the environment. Customers can trash its products on Twitter. Corporate giants such as Toyota and BP have seen their reputations collapse in the blink of an eye.

Nevertheless, there're three objections to the reputation-management industry. The first is that it conflates(混合)many different things-from the quality of a company's products to its relationship with NGOs-into a single notion of ''reputation''. It also seems to be divided between public-relations specialists (who want to put the best possible information on the news) and corporate-social-responsibility types (who want the company to improve the world and be thanked for it).

The second objection is that the industry depends on a naive(天真的)view of the power of reputation: that companies with positive reputations will find it easier to attract customers and survive crises. It's not hard to think of counter-examples. Tobacco companies make vast profits despite their awful reputations. Everybody strongly criticizes Ryanair for its bad service and the Daily Mail for its mean-spirited journalism. But both firms are highly successful.

The biggest problem with the reputation industry, however, is that the way to deal with potential threats to your reputation is to work harder at managing your reputation. The opposite is more likely: the best strategy may be to think less about managing your reputation and concentrate more on producing the best products and services you can. Many successful companies, such as Amazon, Costco Southwest Airlines and Zappos, have been notable for their intense focus on their businesses, not for their fancy marketing. If you do your job well, customers will say nice things about you and your products.

What's in a name?
Values of managing reputation	● Companies can get1. in competition through the use of strategies to manage reputation. ● Positive reputations tend to reduce the influence of negative news.
Popularity of consultancies	● Many organizations provide companies with advice on how to 2.up their reputations. ● Online reputation-management consultancies are on the sharp3..
Reasons for bosses being eager for advice about managing reputation	● The market value of companies increasingly4. on untouchable things. ● Reputation is getting even5. to manage.
6. to the reputation-management industry	● It is a(n)7. of too many things, and it seems that opinions about it are8. between public-relations and corporate-social-responsibility specialists. ● The reputation-management industry naively 9. the success of a company to its positive reputation. ● The reputation industry wrongly thinks that the strategy to handle potential threats to a company is to 10. more on its reputation instead of its product quality and services.

高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析