At one point or another, you’ve probably heard someone speak with confidence on a topic that they actually know almost nothing about. This phenomenon is known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, which refers to the finding that people who are relatively unskilled or unknowledgeable in a particular subject sometimes have the tendency to overestimate their knowledge and abilities.
In a set of studies, researchers Justin Kruger and David Dunning asked participants to complete tests of their skills in a particular domain. Then, participants were asked to guess how well they had done on the test. 1. This effect was most pronounced among participants with the lowest scores on the test.
David Dunning explains that “the knowledge and intelligence that are required to be good at a task are often the same qualities needed to recognize that one is not good at that task.” In other words, if someone knows very little about a particular topic, they may not even know enough about the topic to realize that their knowledge is limited. Importantly, someone may be highly skilled in one area, but be influenced by the Dunning-Kruger effect in another domain.2.
If people who know very little about a topic think they’re experts, what do experts think of themselves? Interestingly, Dunning and Kruger found that although experts typically guessed their performance was above average, they didn’t realize quite how well they had done. They often make a different mistake:3.
What can people do to overcome the effect? Dunning and Kruger once had some of the participants take a logic test and then complete a short training session on logical reasoning. After the training, the participants were asked to assess how they’d done on the previous test. 4.
Afterward, the participants who scored in the bottom 25 percent lowered their estimate of how well they thought they had done on the initial test. In other words, one way to overcome the effect may be to learn more about a topic.
The Dunning-Kruger effect suggests that we may not always know as much as we think we do.
5. However, by challenging ourselves to learn more and by reading about opposing views, we can work to overcome the effect.
A.Researchers found that the training made a difference.
B.They assume that everyone else is knowledgeable, too.
C.This happens when people don’t know much about a topic.
D.All of them had a more accurate view of their performance.
E.They found that participants tended to overestimate their abilities.
F.This means that everyone can potentially be affected by the Dunning-Kruger effect.
G.In some domains, we may not know enough about a topic to realize that we are unskilled.
高三英语七选五中等难度题
At one point or another, you’ve probably heard someone speak with confidence on a topic that they actually know almost nothing about. This phenomenon is known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, which refers to the finding that people who are relatively unskilled or unknowledgeable in a particular subject sometimes have the tendency to overestimate their knowledge and abilities.
In a set of studies, researchers Justin Kruger and David Dunning asked participants to complete tests of their skills in a particular domain. Then, participants were asked to guess how well they had done on the test. 1. This effect was most pronounced among participants with the lowest scores on the test.
David Dunning explains that “the knowledge and intelligence that are required to be good at a task are often the same qualities needed to recognize that one is not good at that task.” In other words, if someone knows very little about a particular topic, they may not even know enough about the topic to realize that their knowledge is limited. Importantly, someone may be highly skilled in one area, but be influenced by the Dunning-Kruger effect in another domain.2.
If people who know very little about a topic think they’re experts, what do experts think of themselves? Interestingly, Dunning and Kruger found that although experts typically guessed their performance was above average, they didn’t realize quite how well they had done. They often make a different mistake:3.
What can people do to overcome the effect? Dunning and Kruger once had some of the participants take a logic test and then complete a short training session on logical reasoning. After the training, the participants were asked to assess how they’d done on the previous test. 4.
Afterward, the participants who scored in the bottom 25 percent lowered their estimate of how well they thought they had done on the initial test. In other words, one way to overcome the effect may be to learn more about a topic.
The Dunning-Kruger effect suggests that we may not always know as much as we think we do.
5. However, by challenging ourselves to learn more and by reading about opposing views, we can work to overcome the effect.
A.Researchers found that the training made a difference.
B.They assume that everyone else is knowledgeable, too.
C.This happens when people don’t know much about a topic.
D.All of them had a more accurate view of their performance.
E.They found that participants tended to overestimate their abilities.
F.This means that everyone can potentially be affected by the Dunning-Kruger effect.
G.In some domains, we may not know enough about a topic to realize that we are unskilled.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
At one time or another in your life you have probably done origami, even if it was just making a paper airplane or something more complicated like a paper crane. The chances are that as you did it, you reflected on how inventive this traditional art is. Animals, boxes, flowers, boats: it all can be created from a single square or rectangular sheet of paper simply by folding it. No cutting, no pasting.
But did you ever stop to think how the same techniques might be applied to engineering? Equipment that could be of real practical use? Origami meets the demand for things that need to be small when transported and large when they arrive, like the everyday umbrella. In fact, origami-inspired creations have already flown in space; in 1995, Japanese engineers launched a satellite with solar panels that folded like a map.
“It’s now mathematically proven that you can pretty much fold anything,” says physicist Robert J. Lang, who quit his engineering job eight years ago to fold things full time. Lang, an origami enthusiast since age six, advised a advised well-known ear manufacturer the best way to fold an airbag into a dashboard. He is currently working on a space telescope lens that, if all goes according to plan, should be able to unfold to the size of a football field.
At the other end of the scale, researchers are also working on tiny folding devices that could lead to breakthroughs in medicine and computing. There’s no doubt that computers of the future may contain tiny, folded motors or capacitors for faster processing and better memory.
Applications for origami engineering go further than many of us might imagine. “Some day,” says MIT’s Erik Demaine, “we’ll build reconfigurable (可重构的) robots that can fold on their own from one thing into another, like Transformers. Too much like science fiction to be true? Maybe—though you certainly wouldn’t want to bet against it.”
1.What do we know about origami?
A.It consumes lots of time. B.It involves interesting ideas.
C.It requires complex techniques. D.It has to do with cutting and pasting.
2.Which of the following is an application of origami?
A.A space telescope lens can be folded to the size of an umbrella.
B.A satellite is equipped with solar panels and a folded map.
C.An airbag can be better folded into a dashboard of a car.
D.A future computer contains many huge folded motors.
3.What is Erik Demaine’s attitude towards origami engineering?
A.Hopeful B.Doubtful.
C.Disapproving. D.Ambiguous.
4.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A.Entertainment. B.Culture.
C.Education. D.Pop-science.
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
Most children have heard their parents at one time or another yell “sit up straight!” or “don’t slouch!” In the past, this was usually heard at the dinner table as children ate dinner. But these days, it is also heard around another activity – video games.
Ten-year old Owaish Batliwala, from Mumbai, India, admits he spends three to four hours each day playing games on his tablet computer. His mother Mehzabin became concerned when her son started saying that his neck hurt. She said, "My son started having neck problems around June or July. The pain slowly spread to his hand and his back. He plays for hours on the iPad and mobile phone. This is what has caused the problem."
Sadia Vanjara is a physical therapist. She says the number of young children with chronic pain in their necks, arms and shoulders is on the rise. Dr. Vanjara says the pain is not from aging, accidents or disease. It is from poor posture, or body position, while playing video games.
This is a problem in many parts of the world. But there are more smartphone users in India than anywhere else in the world, except China. Networking equipment company Cisco estimates that the number of smartphone users in India will increase from 140 million today to 651 million by 2020.
19-year old student Nida Jameel says she feels pain in the finger which holds the weight of her smartphone most of the day. She says she uses her smartphone 24/7. This means 24 hours a day, seven days a week, or all the time.
Dr. Vanjara says the best treatments for the pain are daily exercises. Experts advise taking breaks from using a computer or other device often. Stand up. Stretch your legs, back, shoulders and arms. And when your work or school work is done, unplug and exercise.
1. What can be the best title of the passage?
A. Too Much Gaming is a Pain in the Neck
B. The Influence of Too Much Gaming on People’s Health
C. How To Avoid the Pain in the Neck
D. How To Be More Fit
2.In paragraph 1, the underlined word “slouch” means _____
A. stopping working
B. bending one’s head or shoulders forward
C. being much too calm about something
D. being enthusiastic about the things that are not related with study
3. In which part of a website can we read the passage?
A. School and Education B. Entertainment
C. Health and Lifestyle D. Food and Recipes
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
Everyone has someone who’s wronged them in one way or another. Yet forgiveness is something you can achieve as long as you take the following steps.
Decide you want to choose forgiveness.
The first step toward achieving forgiveness is to decide it’s something you actually want to do, not something someone has pressured you into trying. 1. Also forgiveness doesn’t mean excusing or forgetting an injustice, or returning to a relationship that’s harmful.
2..
It’s kind of a checklist: How are you doing in terms of your anger? How have you been denying it? Are you angrier than you thought you would be?3. Tiredness is the most common physical complaint, as is a pessimistic worldview — believing no one can be trusted or that everyone is only out for themselves. Once you look at those effects, the question becomes: Do you want to heal?
Commit to forgiveness.
Once you have completed stage two and seen how the effects of you unhappy, there’s a tendency to give this a try. In this stage, it’s import to commit it yourself to doing no harm toward the person you’re trying to forgive. That doesn’t mean being good to them.4.
Consider the other person’s wounds.
The goal is to finally feel sympathy for the other person, but don’t start there.5. How was that person hurt in life? How were they treated unjustly? Were they so wounded that they wounded you? You don’t do this to excuse their actions, but to see a scared person, maybe a confused person, someone who is not always right and all-powerful.
A. Make a list.
B. Uncover your anger.
C. Instead, think about them in a new way.
D. It just means you don’t do anything negative.
E. People should not be forced into forgiving.
F. What are the physical consequences of your anger?
G. On the contrary, be committed to your own happiness.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you haven’t seen or heard anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive dnriving or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.
While drunk driving remains a critical problem,the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing. For instance,according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year.of those deaths,the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago?Experts have certain theories,and all are probably partially correct.One suggestion is over crowding.In the last decade,the number of the cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent,and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent.However,the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent.That means more cars in the same amount of space;and the problem is even serious in urban areas.Also,people have less time and more things to do.With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day,street levels have never been higher.Stress creates anxiety,which leads to short tempers.These factors,when combined in certain situations,Can induce Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively,but you might be surprised.For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver,sounded the horn long and hard at another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing?If you recognize yourself in any of these situations,watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers,or another driver is visibly upset with you,there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict.If you are easily influenced to Road Rage,the key is to discharge your emotion in a healthy way.If You are the target of another driver’s rage,do everything possible to get away from me other drive safely,including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way. www.sdzxlm.com
1.What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A.Most people are angry at media reports and want to avoid them
B.Most drivers have bad manners
C.Road Rage has received much media attention in the past few months
D.People showing no interest in the media know little about recent happenings
2.According to the passage,what are the causes of overcrowding?
A.Stress,anxiety and short tempers.
B.People working together in a big city.
C.More cars stopping in the same amount of space
D.Quickly increasing cars and slowly increasing new road miles
3.The underlined“induce”in Paragraph3 Call be replaced by“
A.relax B.cause C.reduce D.destroy
4.Which of the following is“aggressive driving”?
A.Phoning while driving.
B.Driving at a low speed.
C.Shouting loud at another driver.
D.Sounding the horn when driving.
5.What does the writer want to tell US by writing the last paragraph?
A.Flow to control our anger
B.How to deal with Road Rage.
C,How to recognize aggressive drivers.
D.How to avoid eye contact with other drivers.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you haven’t heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.
While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing. For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year. Of those deaths, the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct. One suggestion is extreme overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of space; and the problem is severe in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do. With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, stress levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised. For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard an another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are easily influenced by Road Rage, the key is to release your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver’s rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.
1.The first sentence in Para. 1 implies that ______.
A. Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months
B. the media created the term “Road Rage” only a few months ago C. one may be angered by media reports and wants to avoid them
D. people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings
2. The underlined word “spell” in Para. 3 means ________.
A. relieve B. cause C. spread D. prevent
3.Which of the following characterizes aggressive driving?
A. Talking while driving.
B. Driving at high speed.
C. Shouting at another driver.
D. Sounding the horn when passing
4.The last paragraph is intended to _________.
A. tell people how to deal with Road Rage
B. inform people how aggressive drivers could be
C. show people how to control themselves when angry
D. warn people against eye contact with another driver
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
If you haven’t seen or heard anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.
While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing. For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 4,1907 people died on the highway last year. Of those deaths, the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behaviour.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have certain theories, and all are probably partially correct. One suggestion is sheer overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of the cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of space.; and the problem is magnified in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do. With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, street levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised. For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard at another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are susceptible (easily influenced) to Road Rage, the key to discharge your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver’s rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.
1.The first sentence in Para 1 implies that__________.
A.one may be angered by media reports and wants to avoid them. |
B.the media coined the term “Road Rage” only a few months ago. |
C.Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months. |
D.people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings |
2.The underlined “spell” in Para3 means___________.
A.relieve | B.cause | C.spread | D.prevent |
3.Which of the following characterizes aggressive driving?
A.Talking while driving. |
B.Driving at high speed. |
C.Sounding the horn when passing. |
D.Shouting at another driver. |
4.The last paragraph is intended to ___________.
A.tell people how to deal with Road Rage. |
B.inform people how aggressive drivers could be. |
C.show people how to control themselves when angry. |
D.warn people against eye contact with another driver |
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
If you haven’t heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.
While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing. For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year. Of those deaths, the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct. One suggestion is extreme overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of space; and the problem is severe in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do. With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, stress levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively , but you might be surprised .For instance , have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver ,sounded the horn long and hard an another car , or sped up to keep another driver from passing ?If you recognize yourself in any of these situations , watch out !.
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are easily influenced by Road Rage, the key is to release your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver’s rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.
1. The first sentence in Para. 1 implies that ______.
A. Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months
B. the media created the term “Road Rage” only a few months ago
C. one may be angered by media reports and wants to avoid them
D. people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings
2.The underlined word “spell” in Para. 3 means ________.
A. relieve B. cause C. spread D. prevent
3.Which of the following characterizes aggressive driving?
A. Talking while driving. B. Driving at high speed.
C. Shouting at another driver. D. Sounding the horn when passing
4.The last paragraph is intended to _________.
A. tell people how to deal with Road Rage
B. inform people how aggressive drivers could be
C. show people how to control themselves when angry
D. warn people against eye contact with another driver
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It's the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick Internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age is there are CDs and books to help you taste the power of Mozart's music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you more clever, the picture is more mixed.
The phrase “the Mozart effect” was made up in 1991, but it was a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that sound reasonable. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, we'll become more intelligent.
The_idea_took_off,_with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. It was not just babies and children who were exposed to Mozart's music on purpose, even an Italian farmer proudly explained that the cows were played Mozart three times a day to help them produce better milk.
I'll leave the debate on the impact on milk yield to farmers, but what about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? More research was carried out but an analysis of sixteen different studies confirmed that listening to music does lead to a temporary improvement in the ability to handle shapes mentally, but the benefits are short-lived and it doesn't make us more intelligent.
1.What can we learn from Paragraph 1?
A. Mozart composed many musical pieces for children.
B. Children listening to Mozart will be more intelligent.
C. There are few products on the Internet about Mozart's music.
D. There is little scientific evidence to support the Mozart effect.
2.Why did many people believe in the idea of the Mozart effect?
A. Because a study described it in the journal Nature.
B. Because Mozart himself was a genius.
C. Because Mozart's music is enjoyable.
D. Because Mozart's music makes people relaxed.
3.The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggests that ________.
A. people were strongly against the idea
B. the idea was accepted by many people
C. Mozart played an important part in people's life
D. the US government helped promote the idea
4.What is the author's attitude towards the Mozart effect?
A. Favorable. B. Objective.
C. Doubtful. D. Positive.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It’s the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick Internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age there are CDs and books to help you taste the power of Mozart’s music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you more clever, the picture is more mixed.
The phrase “the Mozart effect” was made up in 1991, but it was a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked(激发) real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that sound reasonable. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, we’ll become more intelligent.
The idea took off, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. It was not just babies and children who were exposed to Mozart’s music on purpose, even an Italian farmer proudly explained that the cows were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce better milk.
I’ll leave the debate on the impact on milk yield to farmers, but what about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? More research was carried out but an analysis of sixteen different studies confirmed that listening to music does lead to a temporary improvement in the ability to handle shapes mentally, but the benefits are short-lived and it doesn’t make us more intelligent.
1.What can we learn from paragraph 1?
A. Mozart composed many musical pieces for children.
B. Children listening to Mozart will be more intelligent.
C. There are few products on the Internet about Mozart’s music.
D. There is little scientific evidence to support Mozart effect.
2.The underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggests that ________.
A. people were strongly against the idea
B. the idea was accepted by many people
C. Mozart played an important part in people’s life
D. the US government helped promote the idea
3.What is the author’s attitude towards the Mozart effect?
A. Favorable. B. Objective. C. Doubtful. D. Positive.
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析