Ever wondered whether punishment actually makes people cooperate (合作)? A team of scientists created an experiment to figure it out and the results were pretty unexpected.
To understand what they found, you have to know why these scientists were studying punishment. They were trying to figure out why people cooperate when it’s often so easy to profit at others expense. Why don’t friends steal from each other? Why do parents bother to feed their children? If the answer to these questions is obvious to you, congratulations, you are ahead of scientists. They’re still trying to figure it out.
In this experiment, researchers had 225 Chinese students play a game, where if the students cooperated, they’d all get a number of points. But if one defected (变节) and everyone else cooperated, the defector would get a lot of points, and the cooperators would lose out. This game represents a lot of real life situations where you struggle with a decision: work together and do OK, or run off with the rewards, ruining everybody else’s day.
This is actually a pretty ordinary economic experiment. But the researchers added two changes to see if they could mimic(糢拟〉the real world better. Change one: some students played many rounds together, so they’d learn who they could trust. Change two: people could punish each other, sacrificing a point or two to destroy another player’s score.
In the end, the researchers found that playing multiple rounds made people cooperate more, which definitely mimics human society. But the whole punishment thing led to a surprise: punishing didn’t actually make people cooperate more. In fact, it made them cooperate less.
So the scientists still don’t know why people cooperate, though it looks like it has more to do with groups sticking together than it does with punishment.
1.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Why friends don’t steal from each other.
B. Why researchers are studying punishment.
C. Why people always profit at others’ expense.
D. Why people cooperate rather than take advantage of others.
2.What happened to a defector in the experiment?
A. He lost out. B. He benefited more.
C. He got punished. D. He became the leader.
3.What conclusion is drawn from the experiment?
A. Punishing helps people realize their mistakes.
B. Cooperating is a win-win policy to all.
C. Punishment won’t work as expected.
D. People who choose to cooperate are selfless.
4.What might be the best title for the text?
A. Does punishing people actually work?
B. Why is punishment applied to cooperation?
C. How can punishment contribute to cooperation?
D. What is the best way to make punishment effective?
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题
Ever wondered whether punishment actually makes people cooperate (合作)? A team of scientists created an experiment to figure it out and the results were pretty unexpected.
To understand what they found, you have to know why these scientists were studying punishment. They were trying to figure out why people cooperate when it’s often so easy to profit at others expense. Why don’t friends steal from each other? Why do parents bother to feed their children? If the answer to these questions is obvious to you, congratulations, you are ahead of scientists. They’re still trying to figure it out.
In this experiment, researchers had 225 Chinese students play a game, where if the students cooperated, they’d all get a number of points. But if one defected (变节) and everyone else cooperated, the defector would get a lot of points, and the cooperators would lose out. This game represents a lot of real life situations where you struggle with a decision: work together and do OK, or run off with the rewards, ruining everybody else’s day.
This is actually a pretty ordinary economic experiment. But the researchers added two changes to see if they could mimic(糢拟〉the real world better. Change one: some students played many rounds together, so they’d learn who they could trust. Change two: people could punish each other, sacrificing a point or two to destroy another player’s score.
In the end, the researchers found that playing multiple rounds made people cooperate more, which definitely mimics human society. But the whole punishment thing led to a surprise: punishing didn’t actually make people cooperate more. In fact, it made them cooperate less.
So the scientists still don’t know why people cooperate, though it looks like it has more to do with groups sticking together than it does with punishment.
1.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Why friends don’t steal from each other.
B. Why researchers are studying punishment.
C. Why people always profit at others’ expense.
D. Why people cooperate rather than take advantage of others.
2.What happened to a defector in the experiment?
A. He lost out. B. He benefited more.
C. He got punished. D. He became the leader.
3.What conclusion is drawn from the experiment?
A. Punishing helps people realize their mistakes.
B. Cooperating is a win-win policy to all.
C. Punishment won’t work as expected.
D. People who choose to cooperate are selfless.
4.What might be the best title for the text?
A. Does punishing people actually work?
B. Why is punishment applied to cooperation?
C. How can punishment contribute to cooperation?
D. What is the best way to make punishment effective?
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Whether or not to go to university will probably be the biggest educational decision you ever make. After battling with student finance, deciding whether or not to take a year out can be as terrifying as deciding where to move to for the three years.
Some students will have planned their year out for months, but, for others, slipped grades may force a gap year（间隔年）, either to retake exams or to apply to different universities. Others might just need time to think. Thankfully, for U.K. students, taking a gap year remains a good option and it can be one of the most productive and fulfilling years of their life.
Whether you’ve planned and budgeted for a year abroad, or have made a last-minute decision to delay your first year, the options are endless. Traveling, volunteering and so on are all there for the talking. With so many things on offer, it’s important to remember that 12 months won’t be enough time to do all of them, so decide early and work towards making whatever you want to do a reality.
Researching a gap year is exciting, and often the place to start is at home. Family and friends can be a great source of inspiration. Your school or college might be fully equipped to advise you on what to do when further education is on hold. Don’t underestimate（低估）the power of the Internet, either. Typing a “gap year” into a search engine might seem too obvious, but planning to travel around the world for months on your own is not appropriate.
To stay at home or go abroad is likely to be the first question you consider, but in this era of budget flights, doing both is practicable. A European inter-rail ticket（火车票）can be as little as £ 159. For those loving traveling, they must be on the special watchfulness for tricks in the process. Agencies can organize your year abroad for you, and often, it is more effective to make the bookings through the agencies. But flights and other forms of transport within Asia and America are much cheaper when bought in the countries rather than bought in advance.
1.According to Paragraph 2, why do some students have to take a gap year?
A. Because they are faced with financial problems.
B. Because they dislike what they are learning .
C. Because they haven’t got satisfying grades.
D. Because they intend to hang out for a year.
2.The underline words “on hold” in Paragraph 4 mean “________”.
A. taken in B. put off
C. given up D. turned out
3.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Few students can afford to go abroad.
B. Traveling around Europe costs nothing.
C. It’s better to go to Asia and south America.
D. Travellers should make sure they aren’t cheated.
4.The auther’s attitude towards a gap year may best described as__________
A. supportive B. negative
C. defensive D. sensitive
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Obviously the only way to make people realize that an action is morally wrong is to punish them if they ________ it.
A. confirm B. create C. commit D. compensate
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
Have you ever wondered why certain pop songs just make you feel so good?
Researchers studying the question found that the right combination of uncertainty and surprise is what gives listeners the most pleasure.
The study, published in the journal Current Biology, involved an analysis of 80,000 chords( 和弦)in 745 pop songs from the US Billboard “Hot 100” chart between 1958 and 1991.
The researchers - from institutes in Germany, Norway, Denmark and the UK - used a machine-learning model to quantify the level of uncertainty and surprise of these chords, and then asked 39 adult volunteers to rate how pleasurable they found each series of chords.
Each song was stripped of its melody and lyrics(歌词)so that only chord progressions were left and the results couldn’t be influenced by other associations to the songs that listeners might have had.
They found two things: that participants got greater pleasure when they were relatively certain what would happen next but then were surprised by an unexpected chord progression. However, the same number of participants found it pleasant when they were uncertain as to what would follow, and then the subsequent chords were more familiar to them.
“It is fascinating that humans can get pleasure from a piece of music just by how sounds are ordered over time,” Vincent Cheung, the lead researcher on the paper from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany, said in a statement.
“Songs that we find pleasant are likely those which strike a good balance between knowing what is going to happen next and surprising us with something we did not expect. Understanding how music activates our pleasure system in the brain could explain why listening to music might help us feel better when we are feeling blue.”
Cheung told CNN that pleasure in music has a lot to do with what listeners expect. Previous studies had looked into the effects of surprise on pleasure, but he and his colleagues’ study also focused on the uncertainty of listeners’ predictions.
The findings may help improve artificial musical algorithms(算法)and could help composers write music or predict musical trends.
“The idea is that hopefully as a scientist analyzing these patterns of pleasure in humans, you can somehow work out where music can go next,” Peter Harrison, a researcher at Queen Mary University, London, who worked on the project, told CNN.
As part of the same experiment, the researchers also used brain imaging to locate the areas of the brain reflected in musical pleasure. They found the regions involved were the amygdala, the hippocampus and the auditory cortex, which process emotions, learning and memory, and sound, respectively.
Cheung added that another part of the brain, the nucleus accumbens - which processes reward expectations - was perhaps responsible for “directing our attention towards the music so that we will try to find out what will happen next.”
1.This passage mainly deals with _____.
A.how composers create pop music trends B.why popular music makes people happy
C.what kind of music makes people most happy D.which part of the brain produces happy music
2.The underlined words in Paragraph 5 have the closest meaning to _____.
A.reserved B.restored C.removed D.refreshed
3.We can learn from the passage that __________.
A.pleasure in music is connected with listeners’ expectations
B.findings of this study are of little help to music composing
C.the regions of the brain mentioned process music composing
D.only uncertainty followed by familiarity can bring about pleasure
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Summer is a busy time for travel. For years, people have wondered whether they are safe from viruses when they travel in small, enclosed areas. They worry about close contact with others who may be sick.
The current spread of a swine flu(猪流感) virus has added to these concerns. Recently, the World Health Organization raised its warning about the new H1N1 virus to its highest level. W.H.O. Director-General Margaret Chan declared the sickness a pandemic–a disease that has spread to many nations. Given this information, many people want to know how safe it is to travel?
The answers people are getting may seem conflicting. For example, a W.H.O. statement urged nations not to close their borders or limit trade and travel. Director-General Chan said cases are generally not that serious for most people. Still, W.H.O. officials continue to report new cases across the world.
In the past, the W.H.O. and experts noted guidance for disease spread on airplanes. The experts said you could get infected only if you sit within two rows of someone who is sick. That would be a distance of up to three meters from the sick person. And this was true only if you sat there for more than eight hours.
But a travel-health expert says this guidance may not be helpful for swine flu. He suggests steps that could help prevent getting swine flu on an airplane. His advice includes keeping the airflow over your seat on the “low” position. The doctor says you should point the equipment so the flow of air is just in front of your face.
Doctors say anyone with pain, swelling(肿胀) or red skin on a leg during or after a long trip may have a blood clot(凝块). Anyone with such signs should see a doctor as soon as possible. The condition many times can be treated with drugs that thin the blood and stop the clot from moving through the body.
68．The underlined word “conflicting” is closest in meaning to ________.
A. in disagreement B. not true C. the same D. unbelievable
69．According to Director-General Chan, the swine flu is ________.
A. a disease spread on airplanes B. a very dangerous disease
C. a disease requiring limit travel D. a widely spread disease
70．Which of the following is the travel-health expert’s opinion on traveling in an airplane?
A. It’s safe to sit within two rows of a sick person.
B. It’s helpful to keep air flowing right before your face.
C. It’s important for a passenger to stay in a plane within 8 hours.
D. It’s certain that a passenger will have a blood clot after a long flight.
71．What would be the best title for the text?
A. Stop Traveling in Case of Swine Flu B. Experts’ Arguments Over Swine Flu
C. Prevention of Swine Flu on the Trip D. No News Is the Best News
高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
Summer is a busy time for travel. For years, people have wondered whether they are safe from viruses when they travel in small, enclosed areas. They worry about close contact with others who may be sick.
The current spread of a swine flu(猪流感) virus has added to these concerns. Recently, the World Health Organization raised its warning about the new H1N1 virus to its highest level. W.H.O. Director-General Margaret Chan declared the sickness a pandemic–a disease that has spread to many nations. Given this information, many people want to know how safe it is to travel?
The answers people are getting may seem conflicting. For example, a W.H.O. statement urged nations not to close their borders or limit trade and travel. Director-General Chan said cases are generally not that serious for most people. Still, W.H.O. officials continue to report new cases across the world.
In the past, the W.H.O. and experts noted guidance for disease spread on airplanes. The experts said you could get infected only if you sit within two rows of someone who is sick. That would be a distance of up to three meters from the sick person. And this was true only if you sat there for more than eight hours.
But a travel-health expert says this guidance may not be helpful for swine flu. He suggests steps that could help prevent getting swine flu on an airplane. His advice includes keeping the airflow over your seat on the “low” position. The doctor says you should point the equipment so the flow of air is just in front of your face.
Doctors say anyone with pain, swelling(肿胀) or red skin on a leg during or after a long trip may have a blood clot(凝块). Anyone with such signs should see a doctor as soon as possible. The condition many times can be treated with drugs that thin the blood and stop the clot from moving through the body.
1.The underlined word “conflicting” is closest in meaning to ________.
A. in disagreement B. not true C. the same D. unbelievable
2.According to Director-General Chan, the swine flu is ________.
A. a disease spread on airplanes B. a very dangerous disease
C. a disease requiring limit travel D. a widely spread disease
3.Which of the following is the travel-health expert’s opinion on traveling in an airplane?
A. It’s safe to sit within two rows of a sick person.
B. It’s helpful to keep air flowing right before your face.
C. It’s important for a passenger to stay in a plane within 8 hours.
D. It’s certain that a passenger will have a blood clot after a long flight.
4.What would be the best title for the text?
A. Stop Traveling in Case of Swine Flu B. Experts’ Arguments Over Swine Flu
C. Prevention of Swine Flu on the Trip D. No News Is the Best News
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
I’m wondering whether the police have _____ a warning to people living in this area after several robberies.
A. put away B. put out
C. put off D. pull out
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
People often say you never get a second chance to make a first impression, and that's actually quite true.1. After all, making a good first impression is all about making others feel good when spending time with them．The following tips will help you make a positive impression every time．
● Dress appropriately
2.That means dressing up or putting on nice, clean, situation-appropriate clothes for social situations．It isn't difficult and it doesn't have to cost you much, either．
● Be aware of your body language
Words express very little of what you say．Body language can tell someone a lot about your mood and confidence level．3. Eye contact is an easy way to make others feel comfortable, important and special．Nervous body language can make others uncomfortable and anxious．Try to be aware of your body language when communicating with others．
● Respect the opinions of others
Not everyone will have the same opinion with you, and friendly disagreements can be a gateway to a great conversation. Respect other people's right to have their own opinion．Respect the opinions of others even if you disagree with them．4.
●5.．
People love talking about themselves, but generally, you want to be careful of taking over the conversation．By listening carefully to what others are saying, you are not only making them feel important, but you can gather clues you need to keep the conversation going and bridge to new topics．
A．Be a careful listener.
B．Show an interest in every person you meet.
C．Smile especially when first meeting someone.
D．Make sure you look nice whenever you meet someone new.
E．Meeting new people and starting conversations is often challenging.
F．Others will want to be with you and help you make a good impression.
G．Don't force others to believe what you believe or to see things only as you see them.
高三英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析
People often say you never get a second chance to make a first impression, and that’s actually quite true 1. . After all, making a good first impression is all about making others feel good when spending time with them．The following tips will help you make a positive impression every time．
● Dress appropriately
__2. . That means dressing up or putting on nice, clean, situation-appropriate clothes for social situations. It isn’t difficult and it doesn’t have to cost you much, either.
● Be aware of your body language
Words express very little of what you say. Body language can tell someone a lot about your mood and confidence level. 3. .Eye contact is an easy way to make others feel comfortable, important and special. Nervous body language can make others uncomfortable and anxious．Try to be aware of your body language when communicating with others.
● Respect the opinions of others
Not everyone will have the same opinion with you, and friendly disagreements can be a gateway to a great conversation．Respect other people’s right to have their own opinion. Respect the opinions of others even if you disagree with them. __4.
● 5. .
People love talking about themselves, but generally, you want to be careful of taking over the conversation. By listening carefully to what others are saying, you are not only making them feel important, but you can gather cues you need to keep the conversation going and bridge to new topics.
A. Be a careful listener
B. Show an interest in every person you meet
C. Smile especially when first meeting someone
D. Make sure you look nice whenever you meet someone new
E. Meeting new people and starting conversations is often challenging
F. Others will want to be with you and help you make a good impression
G. Don’t force others to believe what you believe or to see things only as you see them
高三英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析
People often say you never get a second chance to make a first impression, and that's actually quite true. 1. .After all, making a good first impression is all about making others feel good when spending time with them．The following tips will help you make a positive impression every time．
● Dress appropriately
2. . That means dressing up or putting on nice, clean, situation-appropriate clothes for social situations．It isn't difficult and it doesn't have to cost you much, either．
● Be aware of your body language
Words express very little of what you say．Body language can tell someone a lot about your mood and confidence level．3. . Eye contact is an easy way to make others feel comfortable, important and special．Nervous body language can make others uncomfortable and anxious．Try to be aware of your body language when communicating with others．
● Respect the opinions of others
Not everyone will have the same opinion with you, and friendly disagreements can be a gateway to a great conversation. Respect other people's right to have their own opinion．Respect the opinions of others even if you disagree with them. 4. .
●__5.．
People love talking about themselves, but generally, you want to be careful of taking over the conversation．By listening carefully to what others are saying, you are not only making them feel important, but you can gather clues you need to keep the conversation going and bridge to new topics．
A．Be a careful listener.
B．Show an interest in every person you meet.
C．Smile especially when first meeting someone.
D．Make sure you look nice whenever you meet someone new.
E．Meeting new people and starting conversations is often challenging.
F．Others will want to be with you and help you make a good impression.
G．Don't force others to believe what you believe or to see things only as you see them.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析