American children are not the only couch potatoes with nearly one third of children globally spending 3 hours a day or more watching TV or on computers, according to the study of over 70,000 teens in 34 nations.
From Argentina to Zambia, Regina Guthold of the World Health Organization in Geneva and her colleagues found most children were not getting enough exercise and that it made no difference whether they live in a rich or a poor country. “With regards to physical levels, we didn’t find much of a difference between rich and poor countries,” Guthold said, “Growing up in a poor country doesn’t necessarily mean kids get more physical activities.”
The researchers defined adequate physical activity as at least an hour of exercise outdoors for at least 5 days a week. Children spending 3 or more hours a day watching TV, playing computer games or chatting with friends were classified as sedentary.
The researchers found only a quarter of the boys and 15 percent of the girls were getting enough exercise by these definitions. A quarter of boys and nearly 30% of girls were sedentary and didn’t get enough exercise with girls less active than boys in every country aside from Zambia.
Girls from India were the most active with 37 percent meeting exercise recommendation, while girls from Egypt were the least active with 4 percent getting enough exercise. Children in Myanmar were the least sedentary while the most sedentary nations were St .Lucia and the Cayman Islands.
People show deep concern for kids’ lack of physical activity in various nations. Why do they have a low level of physical activity? Guthold speculated（认为）that urbanization could be a factor as well as easy access to cars and TVs.
1.If you are sedentary, you ____________.
A. are a diligent student spending much time doing homework
B. have at least an hour of exercise outdoors 5 days a week.
C. like watching TV and playing computer games
D. spend longer hours sitting or lying without moving
2.Which of the following statements is true as to Guthold’s finding?
A. Most children around the world don’t meet the exercise recommendation.
B. Girls in every country are no more active than boys.
C. Children in rich countries relatively get less physical activity.
D. Only 4% of the girls from Egypt are not active in exercise.
3.All the following statements are wrong except _______.
A. Children in poor countries get more physical activities.
B. Girls in Egypt are more active than those in India.
C. Couch potatoes are those children addicted to snacks.
D. Children in Myanmar are less sedentary than those in St .Lucia.
4.What would the writer be most likely to discuss in detail in the paragraph that follows?
A. The suitable amount of physical activities for students.
B. Some of the factors for the popularity of cars and TVs among the kids.
C. The reasons behind the lack of physical activities.
D. The ways to make the most of cars and TVs.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题
American children are not the only couch potatoes with nearly one third of children globally spending 3 hours a day or more watching TV or on computers, according to the study of over 70,000 teens in 34 nations.
From Argentina to Zambia, Regina Guthold of the World Health Organization in Geneva and her colleagues found most children were not getting enough exercise and that it made no difference whether they live in a rich or a poor country. “With regards to physical levels, we didn’t find much of a difference between rich and poor countries,” Guthold said, “Growing up in a poor country doesn’t necessarily mean kids get more physical activities.”
The researchers defined adequate physical activity as at least an hour of exercise outdoors for at least 5 days a week. Children spending 3 or more hours a day watching TV, playing computer games or chatting with friends were classified as sedentary.
The researchers found only a quarter of the boys and 15 percent of the girls were getting enough exercise by these definitions. A quarter of boys and nearly 30% of girls were sedentary and didn’t get enough exercise with girls less active than boys in every country aside from Zambia.
Girls from India were the most active with 37 percent meeting exercise recommendation, while girls from Egypt were the least active with 4 percent getting enough exercise. Children in Myanmar were the least sedentary while the most sedentary nations were St .Lucia and the Cayman Islands.
People show deep concern for kids’ lack of physical activity in various nations. Why do they have a low level of physical activity? Guthold speculated（认为）that urbanization could be a factor as well as easy access to cars and TVs.
1.If you are sedentary, you ____________.
A. are a diligent student spending much time doing homework
B. have at least an hour of exercise outdoors 5 days a week.
C. like watching TV and playing computer games
D. spend longer hours sitting or lying without moving
2.Which of the following statements is true as to Guthold’s finding?
A. Most children around the world don’t meet the exercise recommendation.
B. Girls in every country are no more active than boys.
C. Children in rich countries relatively get less physical activity.
D. Only 4% of the girls from Egypt are not active in exercise.
3.All the following statements are wrong except _______.
A. Children in poor countries get more physical activities.
B. Girls in Egypt are more active than those in India.
C. Couch potatoes are those children addicted to snacks.
D. Children in Myanmar are less sedentary than those in St .Lucia.
4.What would the writer be most likely to discuss in detail in the paragraph that follows?
A. The suitable amount of physical activities for students.
B. Some of the factors for the popularity of cars and TVs among the kids.
C. The reasons behind the lack of physical activities.
D. The ways to make the most of cars and TVs.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Children who have developed leadership skills are sure to have a bright future. 1. Not only will they gain more self-esteem and interact more easily with their peers, they can also make an impact on their community. These qualities will continue to develop as children grow up. Here are simple techniques to develop children’s leadership qualities.
Discuss peer pressure. Children are often exposed to peer pressure and worry about how others view them. 2. Leadership requires being socially involved, but still honoring personal morals and standards. Discuss hypothetical (假设的) peer pressure situations and ask kids to consider how they’d behave in different situations.
3. When they’re able to clearly show their thoughts, they feel more self-confident and are able to deal with complex problems. You can help by encouraging children to speak out and by listening seriously to their thoughts. Although many children go through rebellious stages, don’t enforce silence. Instead, suggest self-expression.
Teach by example. 4. Even if they don t express it aloud, children may see you as a role model. Model leadership behavior by helping others, volunteering in leadership positions and taking action in everyday life.
Develop children’s individual talents and encourage participation. Every child has potential for leadership skills, but not every child develops skills in the same way. 5. A child might be a talented athlete or skilled at painting and drawing. Find ways for kids to develop these skills in a group setting, which promotes teamwork and social skills.
A.Encourage children to express themselves.
B.Pay attention to specific interests and abilities.
C.Find volunteer and community service opportunities.
D.Children start benefiting from leadership skills at any age.
E.Children with self-awareness have a greater ability to lead.
F.Children observe the adults in their lives, and value what they see.
G.Talk with your children about the importance of avoiding peer pressure.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
Children who have developed leadership skills are sure to have a bright future. 1. Not only will they gain more self-esteem and interact more easily with their peers, they can also make an impact on their community. These qualities will continue to develop as children grow up. Here are simple techniques to develop children’s leadership qualities.
Discuss peer pressure. Children are often exposed to peer pressure and worry about how others view them. 2. Leadership requires being socially involved, but still honoring personal morals and standards. Discuss hypothetical (假设的) peer pressure situations and ask kids to consider how they’d behave in different situations.
3. When they’re able to clearly show their thoughts, they feel more self-confident and are able to deal with complex problems. You can help by encouraging children to speak out and by listening seriously to their thoughts. Although many children go through rebellious stages, don’t enforce silence. Instead, suggest self-expression.
Teach by example. 4. Even if they don t express it aloud, children may see you as a role model. Model leadership behavior by helping others, volunteering in leadership positions and taking action in everyday life.
Develop children’s individual talents and encourage participation. Every child has potential for leadership skills, but not every child develops skills in the same way. 5. A child might be a talented athlete or skilled at painting and drawing. Find ways for kids to develop these skills in a group setting, which promotes teamwork and social skills.
A. Encourage children to express themselves.
B. Pay attention to specific interests and abilities.
C. Find volunteer and community service opportunities.
D. Children start benefiting from leadership skills at any age.
E. Children with self-awareness have a greater ability to lead.
F. Children observe the adults in their lives, and value what they see.
G. Talk with your children about the importance of avoiding peer pressure.
高三英语七选五中等难度题查看答案及解析
We are not who we think we are.
The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity．We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility，not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains，energy and ambition are what counts，not the circumstances of one's birth.
The Economic Mobility Project， an ambitious research led by Pew Charitable Trusts， looked at the economic fortunes of a large group of families over time， comparing the income of parents in the late 1960s with the income of their children in the late 1990s and early 2000s．Here is the finding: "The 'rags to riches' story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street． Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.
That is right， just 6 percent of children born to parents who ranked in the bottom of the study sample， in terms of income， were able to bootstrap their way into the top． Meanwhile， an incredible 42 percent of children born into that lowest are still stuck at the bottom，having been unable to climb a single rung of the income ladder.
It is noted that even in Britain---a nation we think of as burdened with a hidebound class system-children who are born poor have a better chance of moving up． When the studies were released，most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less，in inflation-adjusted dollars，than did their parents.
One of the studies indicates，in fact，that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force．This is much less true for African-Americans.
The picture that emerges from all the quintiles，correlations and percentages is of a nation in which，overall，"the current generation of adults is better off than the previous one"，as one of the studies notes.
The median income of the families in the sample group was $55，600 in the late 1960s; their children's median family income was measured at $71，900．However，this rising tide has not lifted all boats equally．The rich have seen far greater income gains than have the poor.
Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little support from the data．Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder，but there is "stickiness at the ends" —four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor，and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.
1.What did the Economic Mobility Project find in its research?
A． Children from low-income families are unable to bootstrap their way to the top.
B． Hollywood actors and actresses are upwardly mobile from rags to riches.
C． The rags to riches story is more fiction than reality.
D． The rags to riches story is only true for a small minority of whites.
2.It can be inferred from the undertone of the writer that America，as a classless society，should ________.
A． perfect its self-image as a land of opportunity
B． have a higher level of upward mobility than Britain
C． enable African-Americans to have exclusive access to well-paid employment
D． encourage the current generation to work as hard as the previous generation
3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A． The US is a land where brains，energy and ambition are what counts.
B． Inequality persists between whites and blacks in financial gains.
C． Middle-class families earn slightly less with inflation considered.
D． Children in lowest-income families manage to climb a single rung of the ladder.
4.What might be the best title for this passage?
A． Social Upward Mobility.
B． Incredible Income Gains.
C． Inequality in Wealth.
D． America Not Land of Opportunity.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
We are not who we think we are.
The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity. We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility, not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains, energy and ambition are what counts, not the circumstances of one's birth.
The Economic Mobility Project, an ambitious research led by Pew Charitable Trusts, looked at the economic fortunes of a large group of families over time, comparing the income of parents in the late 1960s with the income of their children in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Here is the finding: "The 'rags to riches' story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.
That is right, just 6 percent of children born to parents who ranked in the bottom of the study sample, in terms of income, were able to bootstrap their way into the top . Meanwhile, an incredible 42 percent of children born into that lowest are still stuck at the bottom, having been unable to climb a single rung of the income ladder.
It is noted that even in Britain---a nation we think of as burdened with a hidebound class system-children who are born poor have a better chance of moving up. When the studies were released, most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than did their parents.
One of the studies indicates, in fact, that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force. This is much less true for African-Americans.
The picture that emerges from all the quintiles, correlations and percentages is of a nation in which, overall, "the current generation of adults is better off than the previous one", as one of the studies notes.
The median income of the families in the sample group was $55,600 in the late 1960s; their children's median family income was measured at $71,900. However, this rising tide has not lifted all boats equally. The rich have seen far greater income gains than have the poor.
Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little support from the data. Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder, but there is "stickiness at the ends" —four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor, and four out often who are born rich will stay rich.
1.What did the Economic Mobility Project find in its research?
A. Children from low-income families are unable to bootstrap their way to the top.
B. Hollywood actors and actresses are upwardly mobile from rags to riches.
C. The rags to riches story is more fiction than reality.
D. The rags to riches story is only true for a small minority of whites.
2.It can be inferred from the undertone of the writer that America, as a classless society, should ________.
A. perfect its self-image as a land of opportunity
B. have a higher level of upward mobility than Britain
C. enable African-Americans to have exclusive access to well-paid employment
D. encourage the current generation to work as hard as the previous generation
3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The US is a land where brains, energy and ambition are what counts.
B. Inequality persists between whites and blacks in financial gains.
C. Middle-class families earn slightly less with inflation considered.
D. Children in lowest-income families manage to climb a single rung of the ladder.
4.What might be the best title for this passage?
A. Social Upward Mobility.
B. Incredible Income Gains.
C. Inequality in Wealth.
D. America Not Land of Opportunity.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Are you single or married? Are you a cat or a dog owner? Do you exercise, or are you a “couch potato” (a person who sits on the sofa all day watching TV, eating and basically doing nothing)? These questions and many others are about your lifestyle．
People in the United States feel that they can choose their lifestyles and even shape their own identities．The great variety of lifestyles leads to constant national discussion of choices that people make．This freedom of choice is fun and exciting, but it also creates stress and uncertainty．In newspapers, lifestyle issues are discussed in the features or style section．In The Chicago Tribune this section is called “Tempo”．People turn to this section for lively discussion on lifestyle choices they face with regard to their personal identities, their families, and their social lives．
Many American people believe that they can make their lives happy and satisfying despite their problems．If they lack confidence or tend to feel anxious, shy, angry, or depressed, they believe that they can change themselves．Self-help books, magazines, and feature articles are filled with advice from experts about steps to take to become a happier or more satisfied person and to improve one’s self-respect．Part of this research for self-improvement is a belief that even one’s own appearance can be controlled．This is why there are so many articles in the newspaper about looking young, wearing the latest fashions, and becoming physically fit．
Lifestyle choices also involve moral and social issues．How should children be raised? How should people behave on a date? How should elderly people be treated? How can people stay happily married? All these kinds of issues are constantly discussed and are constantly changing．Not only are experts such as psychologists consulted, but stars from the political and entertainment worlds are held up as lifestyle leaders as well．In the newspaper, feature articles called profiles discuss in detail the personal lives or public work of movie stars, authors, artists, and exceptional individuals who are not stars．The lifestyle choices these people make contribute to the public discussion of all the issues that people think about．
A well-known advertising slogan is “Just do it．” In the culture of the United States, people believe that they can take action and become the kind of people they want to be and live the way they want to live．
1.The section “Tempo” in The Chicago Tribune mainly discusses ______．
A． lifestyle choices
B． current affairs
C． experts’ opinions on life
D． how to improve one’s self-respect
2.According to the author, Americans are pretty sure that they can ______．
A． control their own appearance
B． solve all the problems in their life
C． live a happy life in spite of their problems
D． improve their life by following the elders’ advice
3.According to the passage, people’s opinions on moral or social issues can be influenced by ______．
A． their superiors
B． family members
C． friends and colleagues
D． experts and famous people
4.Which is the best title for the passage?
A． Just Do It
B． Make Our Lives Happy
C． Lifestyles in the United States
D． Choosing the Way We Live
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
British potato farmers were taking to the streets to call for the expression "couch potato" to be taken away from the dictionary on the grounds that it harms the vegetable's image.
The British Potato Council wants the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to replace the expression with the term "couch slouch", with protests planned outside parliament in London and the offices of Oxford University Press. Kathryn Race, head of marketing at the Council, which represents some 4,000 growers and processors, said the group had complained in writing to the OED but had yet to receive a response.
"We are trying to get rid of the image that potatoes are bad to you," she said Monday.
"The potato has had its knocks in the past. Of course it is not the Oxford English Dictionary's fault but we want to use another term than couch potato because potatoes are naturally healthy."
The OED says "couch potato" originated as American slang, meaning "a person who spends leisure time passively or idly sitting around, especially watching television or video tapes."
John Simpson, chief editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, said the dictionary first included the term “couch potato” in 1993 and said "dictionaries just reflect the words that society uses."
Simpson said words were never taken out of the full-length dictionary, which includes some 650,000 words contained in 20 volumes. But little-used words can be removed from the smaller dictionaries to make way for newer ones.
“If society stops using words, then they are taken out of the smaller dictionaries”, he added. “The first known recorded use of the expression ‘couch potato’ was in a 1979 Log Angeles Times article,” Simpson said.
Nigel Evans, a member of parliament for the Ribble Valley in Lancashire, has made a motion in support of the campaign, highlighting the nutritional value of the British potato.
1．British potato farmers were taking to the streets _____.
A．to advertise their production
B．to call for a higher price for t heir potatoes
C．to remove the expression “couch potato” from the dictionary
D．to let people know how important the potato is in people’s lives
2．The farmers think that_________.
A．potatoes have had a bad imagine
B．potatoes are good for people by nature
C．potatoes sometimes do harm to people
D．it's the dictionary's fault to use the expression "couch potato"
3．John Simpson thinks that _________.
A．the expression can be taken out of every kind of dictionary
B．dictionaries do not necessarily reflect the words the society uses
C．little used words can remain in the smaller dictionaries
D．it is impossible to take the word out of the dictionary
4．What is wrong with the expression "couch potato"?
A．It is connected with unfavorable meaning．
B．Potato should be used in the expression．
C．It is borrowed from American English．
D．It refers to a kind of person．
高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析
British potato farmers were taking to the streets to call for the expression "couch potato" to be taken away from the dictionary on the grounds that it harms the vegetable's image.
The British Potato Council wants the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to replace the expression with the term "couch slouch", with protests planned outside parliament in London and the offices of Oxford University Press. Kathryn Race, head of marketing at the Council, which represents some 4,000 growers and processors, said the group had complained in writing to the OED but had yet to receive a response.
"We are trying to get rid of the image that potatoes are bad to you," she said Monday.
"The potato has had its knocks in the past. Of course it is not the Oxford English Dictionary's fault but we want to use another term than couch potato because potatoes are naturally healthy."
The OED says "couch potato" originated as American slang, meaning "a person who spends leisure time passively or idly sitting around, especially watching television or video tapes."
John Simpson, chief editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, said the dictionary first included the term “couch potato” in 1993 and said "dictionaries just reflect the words that society uses."
Simpson said words were never taken out of the full-length dictionary, which includes some 650,000 words contained in 20 volumes. But little-used words can be removed from the smaller dictionaries to make way for newer ones.
“If society stops using words, then they are taken out of the smaller dictionaries”, he added. “The first known recorded use of the expression ‘couch potato’ was in a 1979 Log Angeles Times article,” Simpson said.
Nigel Evans, a member of parliament for the Ribble Valley in Lancashire, has made a motion in support of the campaign, highlighting the nutritional value of the British potato.
1.British potato farmers were taking to the streets _____.
A．to advertise their production
B．to call for a higher price for t heir potatoes
C．to remove the expression “couch potato” from the dictionary
D．to let people know how important the potato is in people’s lives
2.The farmers think that________.
A．potatoes have had a bad imagine
B．potatoes are good for people by nature
C．potatoes sometimes do harm to people
D．it's the dictionary's fault to use the expression "couch potato"
3.John Simpson thinks that ___ .
A．the expression can be taken out of every kind of dictionary
B．dictionaries do not necessarily reflect the words the society uses
C．little used words can remain in the smaller dictionaries
D．it is impossible to take the word out of the dictionary
4.What is wrong with the expression "couch potato"?
A．It is connected with unfavorable meaning．
B．Potato should be used in the expression．
C．It is borrowed from American English．
D．It refers to a kind of person．
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
When going out to dine with kids，you need to know the places where kids are not only welcomed，but really catered for. The following are some of the best family friendly restaurants and cafes.
Billy Lids
It is a unique environment where your child can play safely while you relax in the central cafe area. The indoor playground includes facilities for children up to 11 years old. There are plenty of food options for the kids，including homemade sausage rolls.
Business Hours:
Monday to Thursday: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday to Saturday: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Tel: 9916 0350
Gladesville Bistro (小餐馆)
Welcome to our revolutionary kid-friendly family bistro—where your kids are welcome to play, draw, slip and slide. Our menu includes sandwiches and chips. Your children will receive a free cup of popcorn with every kid’s meal purchased.
Business Hours:
Monday to Sunday: 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Tel: 9816 4052
MUMU Grill
It offers the perfect family dinner. The children can eat and then play in the park opposite the restaurant. Children will be kept amused by the kids, menus, which feature coloring in activities. Children are able to color in a picture of a cow with crayons.
Business Hours:
Monday to Friday: 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday to Sunday: 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. Tel: 9460 6877
Flying Fox Cafe
It is located in a park in Mona Vale. Near the cafe is a fantastic fenced children’s playground, famous for playground facilities including a bike track, walking tracks and a dog walking beach.
Business Hours:
Monday to Sunday: 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.
The weather can sometimes influence the closing time. If you are unsure, please call 9986 0980.
1.Where can your children enjoy popcorn for free?
A. At Flying Fox Cafe.
B. At Gladesville Bistro.
C. At MUMU Grill.
D. At Billy Lids.
2.MUMU Grill does NOT offer service on
A. Tuesday morning
B. Wednesday afternoon
C. Friday afternoon
D. Saturday evening
3.How is Flying Fox Cafe different from other restaurants?
A. It only offers home-made sausage rolls to parents and children.
B. It amuses children with coloring-in activities listed on the menu.
C. Its business hours may be influenced by the weather.
D. It offers children crayons to draw pictures of cows.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
American parents usually think that their child should not have more pocket money than the children with whom he regularly connects, even if they are wealthier．But neither are children expected to compare with the richer if a large family, heavy responsibilities, or other conditions make it necessary to give a child less spending money than is customary （惯例的）in the neighborhood．
Whatever the pocket money is, its entire use is not controlled by the parents, because a child learns to use money correctly only through dealing with it himself．If a seven-year-old child gets a quarter as a week pocket money and is made to put it all in his piggy bank to save it up, he gets no idea what the real use for the money is．He gets the shiny coins and they soon disappear．
The idea of a bank account is too early for so small a child, although he can be made to understand and enjoy saving his coins—not all of them, only a part of what he receives—to buy something he especially wants．By the time he is eight he is old enough to take part in the opening of his own savings account, parents may take him to the bank, open a savings account for him and encourage him to put a certain quantity or any checks he receives as gifts into the bank and watch his bank savings grow as entry by entry（存入） is made．
He will be saving, earning, and spending suitable quantities all along in order to learn how to manage money and to keep him in a favorable position with his friend．The boy who can't join his fellows in a sweet shop once in a while, because he has to save every cent he gets or earns for some big unknown project his parents have chosen for him, is a sorry child．
1.Choose the best exolaration for the underlined part in the second paragraph.
A．It is a kind of bank run by children．
B．It is a contralre in the shape of a pig for saving coins.
C．It is a certain place in which pigs are raise．
D．It is a bank whose building looks like a pig
2.Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A．Most of the rich people in America give children much pocket money．
B．American children usually have their bank accounts until they are eight．
C．American parents seldom care for their children's spending money．
D．American children begin to learn how to manage money when very young．
3.Suppose an 8-year-old child receives 10 dollars as his birthday gift, he may probably ____．
A．spend the money on the things he wants
B．compare the gift with that of his friend
C．have most of it saved in the bank
D．put all the money in his piggy bank
4.Why does the writer think the boy is a sorry one if he saves every cent he gets or earns?
A．Because he can not manage his money and is kept himself in an unfavorable position
B．Because he can not join the fellows in a sweet shop once in a while
C．Because he can not learn the use of money through spending it himself
D．Because he can not have any other choice but save, earn of spend money
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析