Two recent studies have found that punishment...

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse(虐待). Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.

1.What do we know about the second study?

A. Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment.

B. The study is about violence and cooperation of children.

C. The children tested were divided into groups of four.

D. Children's mental development only relies on their IQs.

2.What does the underlined word “spanked” refer to?

A. punished　　 B. blamed

C. tested　　 D. praised

3.What might be the best title for the text?

A. The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

B. Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

C. Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

D. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Punishment is the best way to influence bad behaviors.

B. The participants in the first study have the right to reward or punish others in the group.

C. the younger children have a higher IQ because of their parents’ educational level.

D. Adults are much more cooperative than children.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

[1] Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.

[2] They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game, which is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher. The most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, ________. The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.

[3] The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs — or intelligence quotients — of the younger children who were not spanked (打屁股) were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

[4] Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development is. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

1. What is the best title of the passage? (no more than 10 words)

________

2.Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?

Compared to the children's IQs whose parents use physical punishment, the result of those whose parents don't is 5 points higher.

3.Fill in the blank in paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)

________

4. List three facts that lead to the most successful behavior in paragraph 2. (no more than 8 words)

________

5.Translate the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 into Chinese.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension (紧张气氛) between the interests (利益) of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.

Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings were. The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children aged five to nine.

The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs--or intelligence quotients--of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

1.Which could be the best title of the passage?

A. Punishment

B. The Best Way to Influence Behavior.

C. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

D. Two Recent Studies.

2.The underlined word “spanked” probably means______.

A. won　　　 　 B. punished　　 　 C. tested　　 　 D. praised

3.According to the passage, the researchers may agree the best way to influence behavior is______.

A. rewarding good behavior

B. correcting bad behavior

C. punishing badly-behaved children

D. praising well-behaved children

4.The author develops the passage______.

A. in order of time

B. in order of importance

C. by describing his experiences

D. by using quotations and statistics

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

阅读理解。

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma. The game is based on the tension (紧张气氛) between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.

Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings were. The group with the most punishment earned twenty­five percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More

than eight hundred children aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children aged five to nine.

The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs — or intelligence quotients — of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

1.Which could be the best title of the passage?

A．Punishment

B．The Best Way to Influence Behavior

C．Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

D．Two Recent Studies

2.The underlined word “spanked” probably means “______”．

A．won B．punished

C．tested D．praised

3.According to the passage, the researchers may agree the best way to influence behavior is ________.

A．rewarding good behavior

B．correcting bad behavior

C．punishing badly­behaved children

D．praising well­behaved children

4.The author develops the passage ________.

A．in order of time

B．in order of importance

C．by describing his experiences

D．by using quotations (引证) and statistics

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

What can be found in the two recent studies?

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards．Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study, which appeared last month in the journal Science．They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma．The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group．The students played in groups of four．Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally．But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher．Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation （合作）．The groups that rewarded most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded least．And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings．The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment．

The other study referred to children, which was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse．Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups．More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested．More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine．The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test．Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not．The study says the IQs ?or intelligence quotients—of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were．In the older group, the difference was almost three points．Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire' worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation．Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children．He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development．He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common．

72．We can learn from the passage that ____．

A．the first study began last month at Harvard University in America

B．the Prisoner's Dilemma is a game that can teach you how to be cooperative

C．the study on the IQs of children was carried out by Professor Murray Strauss

D．Professor Mallie has done lots of researches on family violence

73．What study method was adopted in the two recent studies according to the passage?

A．Observation．          B．Questionnaire．        C．Conclusion．    D．Experiment．

74．The underlined word "spanked" in the third paragraph refers to ____．

A．scolded constantly        B．punished physically

C．praised frequendy               D．rewarded mentally

75．Which of the following charts is TRUE according to the passage?

高三英语阅读理解简单题查看答案及解析

It is not until recently ______ the scientists have found proof of there being water on Mars.

高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析

Several recent studies have found that being randomly assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood of conflict.

Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.

An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.

In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove."

Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.

According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.

An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.

Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.

At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.

"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."

"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合)," there were also "jarring cultural confrontations."

The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.

Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.

1.What can we learn from some recent studies?

A. Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.

B. Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.

C. Interracial lodging does more harm than good.

D. Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.

2.What does Sam Boakye's remark mean?

A. White students tend to look down upon their black peers.

B. Black students can compete with their white peers academically.

C. Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the        freshman year.

D. Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.

3.What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?

A. The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.

B. Students of different races are required to share a room.

C. Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.

D. Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性)of conflict.

Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and cause students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.

An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.

In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove."

Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.

According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.

An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.

Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.

At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.

"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."

"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes（老一套，模式） and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合)," there were also "jarring（不和谐的）cultural confrontations（对抗）."

The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.

Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.

1.What can we learn from some recent studies?

A．Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.

B．Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.

C．Interracial lodging does more harm than good.

D．Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.

2.What does Sam Boakye's remark mean?

A．White students tend to look down upon their black peers.

B．Black students can compete with their white peers academically.

C．Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.

D．Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.

3.What does the Indiana University study show?

A．Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.

B．Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.

C．Roommates of different races just don't get along.

D．Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.

4.What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?

A．Students of different races are required to share a room.

B．Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.

C．Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.

D．The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.

5.What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?

A．It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.

B．Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.

C．Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.

D．Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict.

Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and force students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.

An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.

In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove."

Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.

According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.

An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.

Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.

At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.

"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."

"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes(模式化形象) and strengthened stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合)," there were also "jarring cultural resistance."

The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.

Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.

1.What can we learn from some recent studies?

A．Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.

B．Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.

C．Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.

D．Interracial lodging does more harm than good.

2.What does the Indiana University study show?

A．Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.

B．Roommates of different races just don't get along.

C．Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.

D．Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.

3.What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?

A．The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.

B．Students of different races are required to share a room.

C．Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.

D．Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.

4.What can be inferred from Grace Kao’s saying about interracial lodging?

A．Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.

B．Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.

C．Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.

D．It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性)of conflict.

Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and force students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.

An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.

In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove."

Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.

According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.

An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.

Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.

At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.

"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."

"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes(模式化形象) and strengthened stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合)," there were also "jarring cultural resistance."

The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.

Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.

1.What can we learn from some recent studies?

A．Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.

B．Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.

C．Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.

D．Interracial lodging does more harm than good.

2.What does the Indiana University study show?

A．Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.

B．Roommates of different races just don't get along.

C．Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.

D．Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.

3.What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?

A．The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.

B．Students of different races are required to share a room.

C．Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.

D．Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.

4.What can be inferred from Grace Kao’s saying about interracial lodging?

A．Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.

B．Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.

C．Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.

D．It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析