A team led by Professor Theoder Berger, from the University of Southern California, can now manipulate(操纵) brain cells in rats so that memories stored in the hippocampus, a brain area crucial for memory formation, are activated or suppressed(抑制). It’s said that the technology could one day have medical applications.
In the study, researcher first trained rats to remember which of two levers(杠杆) they pressed first, then to press the other lever.
As the rats performed the task, the scientists carefully monitored the electrical activity in each creature’s hippocampus to find the pattern of nerve-cell activity involved in making a solid memory.
Using the same glass needles they had used to record the nerve activity, they stimulated (刺激) nerves in the same pattern and found that the animals’ performance in the task got even better. The rats made fewer errors and were able to remember which lever was the“correct”one for a longer period of time.
The scientists went a step further and suppressed the rats’ memories with a drug called Mk801, which caused them to forget their task. When the animals’ brain cells were later stimulated with the“correct”pattern, they remembered again which lever to press.
“What’s really exciting about this study is that when they played back the‘good’ patterns—the patterns when the animal got the task right—it did appear to improve memory,”said Dean Buonomano, an associate professor at the University of California.
The final goal, Berger said, is to help people with stroke(中风) and epilepsy(癫痫症) and the like strengthen memories and to help doctors treat them. The technology might even help sufferers of post-traumatic(创伤后) stress disorder.
But first, researchers would have to show that they can stimulate or suppress far more complex memories than the ones in the rat experiment.
“Here ,it’s a simple task,”Buonomano said. In contrast, humans’ memories are very rich and specific…
“We have very many steps to go before this can be achieved,”he said.
1.How does“the technology”in Paragraph 1 act?
A.It manipulates brain cells.
B.It stores memories in the hippocampus.
C.It activates memories stored in the brain.
D.It suppresses memories stored in the brain.
2..In what order did the researchers conduct the rat experiment?
a.Monitor the electrical activity in the rat’s hippocampus.
b.Suppress the rat’s memory with a drug called MK801.
c.Stimulate the rat’s nerves in the same pattern.
d.Stimulate the rat’s nerves in the same pattern for a second time.
e.Train the rats to remember the order of the two levers they pressed.
A.a, e, b, c, d B.a, e, c, d, b
C.e, a, c, d, b D.e, a, c, b, d
3.When their nerves were stimulated, the rats .
A.forgot their task
B.completed the task better
C.made no errors in their task
D.remembered which lever they had pressed for a shorter time
4.What can we infer from the article?
A.MK801 is a drug that can be used to stimulate nerves.
B.The study is expected to be used to help stroke and epilepsy patients recover completely.
C.Using the study to improve humans’ memories still face many challenges.
D.Researchers have studied far more complex memories than the ones in the rat experiment.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题
A team led by Professor Theoder Berger, from the University of Southern California, can now manipulate(操纵) brain cells in rats so that memories stored in the hippocampus, a brain area crucial for memory formation, are activated or suppressed(抑制). It’s said that the technology could one day have medical applications.
In the study, researcher first trained rats to remember which of two levers(杠杆) they pressed first, then to press the other lever.
As the rats performed the task, the scientists carefully monitored the electrical activity in each creature’s hippocampus to find the pattern of nerve-cell activity involved in making a solid memory.
Using the same glass needles they had used to record the nerve activity, they stimulated (刺激) nerves in the same pattern and found that the animals’ performance in the task got even better. The rats made fewer errors and were able to remember which lever was the“correct”one for a longer period of time.
The scientists went a step further and suppressed the rats’ memories with a drug called Mk801, which caused them to forget their task. When the animals’ brain cells were later stimulated with the“correct”pattern, they remembered again which lever to press.
“What’s really exciting about this study is that when they played back the‘good’ patterns—the patterns when the animal got the task right—it did appear to improve memory,”said Dean Buonomano, an associate professor at the University of California.
The final goal, Berger said, is to help people with stroke(中风) and epilepsy(癫痫症) and the like strengthen memories and to help doctors treat them. The technology might even help sufferers of post-traumatic(创伤后) stress disorder.
But first, researchers would have to show that they can stimulate or suppress far more complex memories than the ones in the rat experiment.
“Here ,it’s a simple task,”Buonomano said. In contrast, humans’ memories are very rich and specific…
“We have very many steps to go before this can be achieved,”he said.
1.How does“the technology”in Paragraph 1 act?
A.It manipulates brain cells.
B.It stores memories in the hippocampus.
C.It activates memories stored in the brain.
D.It suppresses memories stored in the brain.
2..In what order did the researchers conduct the rat experiment?
a.Monitor the electrical activity in the rat’s hippocampus.
b.Suppress the rat’s memory with a drug called MK801.
c.Stimulate the rat’s nerves in the same pattern.
d.Stimulate the rat’s nerves in the same pattern for a second time.
e.Train the rats to remember the order of the two levers they pressed.
A.a, e, b, c, d B.a, e, c, d, b
C.e, a, c, d, b D.e, a, c, b, d
3.When their nerves were stimulated, the rats .
A.forgot their task
B.completed the task better
C.made no errors in their task
D.remembered which lever they had pressed for a shorter time
4.What can we infer from the article?
A.MK801 is a drug that can be used to stimulate nerves.
B.The study is expected to be used to help stroke and epilepsy patients recover completely.
C.Using the study to improve humans’ memories still face many challenges.
D.Researchers have studied far more complex memories than the ones in the rat experiment.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
The unique ocean animals were discovered by a team of scientists led by Dr. Christine Dudgeon from Australia’s University of Queensland during a 12 year global conservation study.
The newly-found sharks have evolved (进化) to survive in low oxygen environments, enabling them to hunt during low tides. The researchers believe their ability to use their fins (鰭) to walk affords the sharks a remarkable edge over the smaller animals they try to hunt. “While they are super hunters in their shallow habitat, the tiny sharks present no threat to people,” says Dudgeon. “At less than a meter long on average, they’re incredibly cute little animals that do not look like sharks at all,” she adds.
A DNA analysis of skin samples from the live fish suggests that walking sharks broke away from their original population and became a distinct species about nine million years ago. Though that may appear to be a long time ago, it is relatively recent given that sharks have been around for more than 400 million years. In fact, Dudgeon and her team believe walking sharks are the youngest kind of sharks on Earth!
The researchers say that the sharks’ small numbers and small habitat make them extremely vulnerable (易受伤害) to natural disasters and overfishing. They are currently on the Nature Red List, which lists species at risk. Dudgeon and her team believe sensible conservation management plans are urgently needed to protect the walking sharks and other endangered animals from further threats.
1.What is the most noticeable feature of the newly-found sharks?
A.They are cute and harmless to humans.
B.They can survive in their shallow habitat.
C.They walk on their fins across the seafloor.
D.They are the youngest kind of sharks on Earth.
2.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.The evolution of the shark.
B.The behavior of the sharks.
C.The population of the sharks.
D.The DNA samples of the sharks.
3.What should be done without delay according to Dudgeon and her team?
A.Adjusting the methods of fishing.
B.Putting the sharks on the Nature Red List.
C.Changing the sharks’ living environments.
D.Adopting necessary measures to protect the sharks.
4.In which column of a website can we read the text?
A.Environment. B.Nature.
C.Education. D.Geography.
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
A recent study led by researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has found a clear link between the color of a taxi and its accident rate. An analysis of 36 months of detailed taxi, driver and accident data from two fleets of yellow and blue taxis in Singapore suggested that yellow taxis have fewer accidents than blue taxis. The higher visibility (能见度) of yellow makes it less difficult for drivers to avoid getting into accidents with yellow taxis, leading to a lower accident rate.
The study was led by Prof Ho. To test whether there was a relationship between the color of a taxi and the number of accidents the taxi had, the research team analysed data collected by the largest taxi company in Singapore. The researchers found that yellow taxis have about 6. 1 fewer accidents per 1,000 taxis per month.
They also studied the economic effect of changing the color of the entire fleet of taxis to yellow. The Singapore taxi company involved in the study owns about 16,700 taxis in a ratio(比例) of one yellow to three blue taxis. If a commercial decision is made to switch from blue to yellow taxis, 76.6 fewer accidents will occur per month or 917 fewer accidents per year.
Assuming an average repair cost of $1,000 per car and a downtime of six days, the color of all taxis to yellow could produce an annual saving of $ 2 million.
“We are eager to continue to validate (证实) the findings of our study by looking at the use of yellow in other types of public transport, such as school buses. For example, we hope to compare the accident rates of yellow school buses against those of other colors to find out if yellow is indeed a safer color for school buses. Besides, we’re also interested to look at private-hire vehicles and do a comparison of the accident rates of vehicles that are of different colors.” Explained Prof Ho.
1.Why do yellow taxis result in fewer accidents?
A. Because yellow can be seen more easily.
B. Because yellow signals a warning of danger.
C. Because drivers tend to be more careful in yellow taxis.
D. Because people act more quickly in yellow surroundings.
2.What’s Prof Ho’s study based on?
A. Physical risks taxi passengers experience.
B. The economic effect of changing taxi color.
C. Data from Singapore’s largest taxi company.
D. Personal reports from taxi drivers worldwide.
3.What do Prof Ho’s words in the last paragraph suggest?
A. School buses should be painted yellow.
B. Their findings are worth popularizing.
C. Their study will be furthered.
D. Yellow should be widely used in public transport.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A. Caution: yellow taxis ahead B. Safer to ride in yellow taxis
C. Why are yellow taxis preferred? D. How can colors help prevent accidents?
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
A recent study led by researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has found a clear link between the color of a taxi and its accident rate. An analysis of 36 months of detailed taxi, driver and accident data from two fleets of yellow and blue taxis in Singapore suggested that yellow taxis have fewer accidents than blue taxis. The higher visibility (能见度) of yellow makes it less difficult for drivers to avoid getting into accidents with yellow taxis, leading to a lower accident rate.
The study was led by Prof Ho. To test whether there was a relationship between the color of a taxi and the number of accidents the taxi had, the research team analysed data collected by the largest taxi company in Singapore. The researchers found that yellow taxis have about 6.1 fewer accidents per 1,000 taxis per month.
They also studied the economic effect of changing the color of the entire fleet of taxis to yellow. The Singapore taxi company involved in the study owns about 16,700 taxis in a ratio (比例) of one yellow to three blue taxis. If a commercial decision is made to switch from blue to yellow taxis, 76.6 fewer accidents will occur per month or 917 fewer accidents per year.
Assuming an average repair cost of $1,000 per car and a downtime of six days, the color of all taxis to yellow could produce an annual saving of $2 million.
“We are eager to continue to validate(证实) the findings of our study by looking at the use of yellow in other types of public transport, such as school buses. For example, we hope to compare the accident rates of yellow school buses against those of other colors to find out if yellow is indeed a safer color for school buses. Besides, we’re also interested to look at private-hire vehicles and do a comparison of the accident rates of vehicles that are of different colors, ”explained Prof Ho.
1.Why do yellow taxis result in fewer accidents?
A. Because yellow signals a warning of danger.
B. Because yellow can be seen more easily.
C. Because drivers tend to be more careful in yellow taxis.
D. Because people act more quickly in yellow surroundings.
2.What’s Prof Ho’s study based on?
A. Physical risks taxi passengers experience.
B. The economic effect of changing taxi color.
C. Personal reports from taxi drivers worldwide.
D. Data from Singapore's largest taxi company.
3.What do Prof Ho’s words in the last paragraph suggest?
A. School buses should be painted yellow.
B. Their findings are worth popularizing.
C. Their study will be furthered.
D. Yellow should be widely used in public transport.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A. Safer to ride in yellow taxis
B. Caution: yellow taxis ahead
C. Why are yellow Taxis preferred?
D. How can colors help prevent accidents?
高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析
A recent study led by researchers from the National University of Singapore(NUS)has found a clear link between the color of a taxi and its accident rate. An analysis of 36 months of detailed taxi, driver and accident data from two fleets of yellow and blue taxis in Singapore suggested that yellow taxis have fewer accidents than blue taxis. The higher visibility (能见度)of yellow makes it easier for drivers to avoid getting into accidents with yellow taxis, leading to a lower accident rate.
The study was led by Prof Ho. To test whether there was a causal relationship between the color of a taxi and the number of accidents the taxi had, the research team analysed data collected by the largest taxi company in Singapore. The researchers found that yellow taxis have about 6.1 fewer accidents per 1,000 taxis per month.
The researchers also studied the economic effect of changing the color of the entire fleet of taxis to yellow. The Singapore taxi company involved in the study owns about 16,700 taxis in a ratio(比例) of one yellow to three blue taxis. If a commercial decision is made to switch from blue to yellow taxis, 76.6 fewer accidents would occur per month or 917 fewer accidents per year. Assuming an average repair cost of $1,000 per car and a downtime of six days, switching the color of all taxis to yellow could produce an annual savings of $2 million.
“We are eager to continue to validate(证实) the findings of our study by looking at the use of yellow in other types of public transport, such as school buses. For instance, we hope to compare the accident rates of yellow school buses against other colors to find out if yellow is indeed a safer color for school buses. Besides, we are also interested to look at private-hire vehicles and do a comparison of the accident rates of vehicles that are of different colors,” explained Prof Ho.
1.Why do yellow taxis result in fewer accidents?
A. Because yellow can be seen more easily.
B. Because yellow signals a warning of danger.
C. Because drivers tend to be more careful in yellow taxis.
D. Because people act more quickly in yellow surroundings.
2.What’s Prof Ho’s study based on?
A. Physical risks taxi passengers experience.
B. The economic effect of changing taxi color.
C. Data from Singapore’s largest taxi company.
D. Personal reports from taxi drivers worldwide.
3.What do Prof Ho’s words in the last paragraph suggest?
A. School buses should be painted yellow.
B. Their findings are worth popularizing.
C. Yellow should be widely used in public transport.
D. Their study will be furthered.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A. Caution: yellow taxis ahead
B. Safer to ride in yellow taxis
C. Why are yellow taxis preferred?
D. How can colors help prevent accidents?
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
A recent study led by researchers from ihe National University of Singapore ( NUS) has found a clear link between the color o£ a taxi and its accident rate. An analysis of 36 months of detailed taxi,driver and accident data from two fleets of yellow and blue taxis in Singapore
suggested that yellow taxis have fewer accidents than blue taxis. The higher visibility (能见度)of yellow makes it less difficult for drivers to avoid getting into accidents with yellow taxis, leading to a lower accident rate.
The study was led by Prof Ho. To test whether there was a relationship between the color of a taxi and the number of accidents the taxi had, the research team analysed data collected by the largest taxi company in Singapore. The researchers found that yellow taxis have about 6. 1 fewer accidents per 1,000 taxis per month.
They also studied the economic effect of changing the color of the entire fleet of taxis to yellow. The Singapore taxi company involved in the study owns about 16,700 taxis in a ratio (比例〉of one yellow to three blue taxis. If a commercial decision is made to switch from blue to yellow taxis, 76.6 fewer accidents will occur per month or 917 fewer accidents per year.Assuming an average repair cost of $1,000 per car and a downtime of six days,switching the color of all taxis to yellow could produce an annual saving of $2 million.
“We are eager to continue to validate(证实)the findings of our study by looking at the use of yellow in other types of public transport, such as school buses. For example, we hope to compare (he accident rates of yellow school buses against those of other colors lo find out if yellow is indeed a safer color for school buses. Besides, we're also interested to look al private-hire vehicles and do a comparison of the accident rates of vehicles that are of differenl colors,” explained Prof Ho.
1.Why do yellow taxis result in fewer accidents?
A. Because yellow can be seen more easily.
B. Because yellow signals a warning of clanger.
C. Because drivers tend to be more careful in yellow taxis.
D. Because people act more quickly in yellow surroundings.
2.What's Prof Ho'S study based on?
A. Physical risks taxi passengers experience.
B. The economic effect of changing taxi color.
C. Data from Singapore's largest taxi company.
D. Personal reports from taxi drivers worldwide.
3.What do Prof Ho’s words in the last paragraph suggest?
A. Their study will be furthered.
B. Their findings are worth popularizing.
C. School buses should be painted yellow.
D. Yellow should be widely used in public transport.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A. Caution: yellow taxis ahead.
B. Safer to ride in yellow taxis.
C. Why are yellow taxis preferred?
D. How can colors help prevent accidents?
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
—Really?Who will give lecture?
—Mr Wang, famous professor from Nanjing University.
A.the; / | B.a;the | C.the;a | D.a;a |
高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析
John B. Goodenough, an engineering professor from the University of Texas at Austin, has been awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry-jointly with M. Stanley Whittingham, a chemistry professor from the State University of New York and Japan’s Akira Yoshino, a professor of Meijo University-for the development of lithium-ion batteries (锂电池). According to the Nobel Committee, the three scientists “have created the right conditions for a wireless and fossil fuel-free society, and so brought the greatest benefit to humankind”.
Goodenough, born in 1922, identified and developed the key materials that can power portable electronics, leading to the wireless revolution. Today, batteries containing Goodenough’s innovations are used worldwide for mobile phones, power tools, laptops, tablets and other wireless devices, as well as electric vehicles.
Goodenough received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Yale University and a doctorate in physics from the university of Chicago. He beat the odds against him, first overcoming dyslexia (阅读困难症) as a child, and then the claim of a teacher who told the doctoral student in his 20s that he had started too late to be successful in physics.
He began his career in 1952 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lincoln Laboratory, where he laid the groundwork for the development of random-access memory (RAM) for the digital computer. After MIT, Goodenough became a professor and head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford where in 1979 he discovered it would be possible to store energy in rechargeable batteries through lithium cobalt oxide (锂钴氧化物).That discovery helped develop the lithium-ion battery. Goodenough joined the University of Texas at Austin in 1986, where his groundbreaking work continued.
At 97 years old, he still continues to push the boundaries of materials science. Despite the lithium-ion battery being well developed and available as a commercial product, it has its limitations. It can’t be charged too fast or overcharged. Goodenough still wants to see some new developments.
“I hope Ut-Austin still keeps me employed,” Goodenough once joked.
1.The underlined phrase “beat the odds” in Paragraph 3 means “ “.
A.become very famous B.face the challenges
C.win the competition D.overcome the difficulties
2.What can we infer from the passage?
A.In MIT, Goodenough made the important discovery leading to the development of the Lithium-ion battery.
B.When he studied for his doctorate in university, not all his teachers encouraged him to be successful.
C.According to the Nobel Committee, Goodenough made the greatest contributions in the discovery.
D.Because of his old age, Goodenough found it difficult to improve the limitations of the lithium-ion battery.
3.What is the best title for the text?
A.The Father of the Lithium-ion Batteries. B.Three Scientists are Awarded the Nobel Prize.
C.Make the World “Good enough”. D.It’s Never too Old to Learn.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
Lauren Berger started out as a clueless college freshman at the University of Central Florida,________ only work experience was serving at a seafood restaurant.
A.which B.when
C.whose D.where
高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析
An international team of researchers from the University of Oxford have found that the way people use the Internet is closely tied to the seasonal movements in the natural world. Their online species searches follow the patterns of seasonal animal migrations (迁徙).
Migratory birds (候鸟) flood back to where they reproduce every spring. That migratory behavior is accompanied by some human behavior. “In English-language Wikipedia (维基百科), the online searches for migratory species tend to increase in spring when those birds arrive in the United States,” said the lead author John Mittermeier.
And not just birds. Mittermeier and his team surveyed nearly 2.5 billion Wikipedia search records, for 32,000 species, across 245 languages. They also saw variable search rates for insects, horsetails and flowering plants. Seasonal trends seemed to be widespread in Wikipedia behavior for many species of plants and animals.
This finding suggests new ways to monitor changes in the world’s biological diversity. It also shows new ways to see how much people care about nature, and which species and areas might be the most effective targets for conservation.
Mittermeier is encouraged by the search results. He commented, “I think there’s a concern among conservationists (生态环境保护者) that people are losing touch with the natural world and that they’re not interacting with native species anymore. And so in that sense, it was really exciting and quite unexpected for me to see people’s Wikipedia interest closely related to changes in nature.”
Richard Grenyer, Associate Professor from the University of Oxford, says search data is useful to conservation biologists, “By using these big data approaches, we can direct our attention towards the difficult questions in modern conservation: which species and areas are changing, and where are the people who care the most and can do the most to help.”
1.What have researchers found about species searches?
A. They strengthen ties among people.
B. They affect the animal movements.
C. They differ in language backgrounds.
D. They reflect animal migration seasons.
2.What is the purpose of writing Paragraph 3?
A. To summarize the research process.
B. To further support the research findings.
C. To show the variety of species searches.
D. To present researchers’ heavy work load.
3.How does Mittermeier feel about the search results?
A. Satisfied with Wikipedia’s service.
B. Worried about Wikipedia behavior.
C. Amazed at people’s care about nature.
D. Sad about people’s not getting close to nature.
4.Why does Richard think such search data is useful?
A. It helps to aim at conservation targets.
B. It increases interest in big data approaches.
C. It keeps track of trends in biologists’work.
D. It pushes people to solve difficult problems.
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析