An individual human existence should be like ...

An individual human existence should be like a river---small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and_____ passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.

A．to rush　　　　　 B．rushing　　　　　　 C．rushed　　　　 D．rush

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and＿＿＿passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.

A. to rush　 B. rushing　

C. rushed 　D. rush

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

To err is human. Society is suffering from an inability to acknowledge as much.

For individuals, errors are painful. The trick, then, is to err well: to recognize mistakes and learn from them. Worryingly, humanity may be getting worse at admitting its mistakes.

Few enjoy the feeling of being caught out in an error. But real trouble starts when the desire to avoid a punishment leads to a refusal to deal with contrary evidence. Economists often assume that people are sensible. When faced with a new fact, these people should update their view of the world to take better decisions in future. Yet years of economic research confirms that people frequently disregard information that conflicts with their view of the world.

Why should that be? Last year Roland Benabou, of Princeton, presented a framework for thinking about the problem. In many ways, beliefs are like other economic goods. People spend time and resources building them, and get value from them: some beliefs make owners feel good and show their public identity; other beliefs provide value by shaping behavior—for example, religious asceticism(禁欲主义) can help one avoid unhealthy habits.

Because beliefs, however, are not simply tools for making good decisions, but are treasured in their own right, new information that challenges them is unwelcome. People often engage in “motivated reasoning” to manage such challenges. Mr Benabou classifies this into three categories. “Strategic ignorance” is when a believer avoids information offering conflicting evidence. In “reality denial”， troubling evidence is rationalized(合理化)：real estate investors might make up fanciful theories for why prices should behave unusually, and supporters of a disgraced politician might claim the negative news to be fake. And lastly, in “self­signalling”， the believer creates his own tools to interpret the facts in the way he wants: an unhealthy person, for example, might decide that going for a daily run proves he is well.

“Motivated reasoning” is a cognitive bias(偏见). Not all the errors it leads to are　 costly: praising the performance of one's supported football team despite contradictory evidence does little harm. But when biases are broadly shared—within financial world or political parties—danger arises. Motivated reasoning helps explain why viewpoints polarize (两极分化) even as information is more easily available than ever before.

Work by Mr Benabou suggests that groupthink is highest when people within groups face a shared fate: when choosing to break from a group is unlikely to spare an individual the costs of the group's errors or bring much individual benefit. The incentive(动力) to engage in motivated reasoning is high as a result. Even as the fact on a particular issue is obvious, parties can still become increasingly polarized. That, in turn, can make it harder still for a member of one party to get any benefit from breaking from a group. Indeed, the group has an incentive to silence independent voices.

Public statements of regret are risky in a rigidly polarized world. Admissions of error can not only annoy partners but also provide opportunities for opponents. But it is rarely in the interest of those in the right to pretend that they are never wrong.

1.According to the passage, beliefs are similar to economic goods in that ________．

A.both are entertaining and valuable B.both can be shaped by religious faith

C.both can reflect who the owners are D.both promote religious development

2.Which of the following is an example of “self­signalling”？

A.A fan speaks highly of his team although it has just lost the game.

B.A man covers his ears when stealing a bell, believing the bell won't ring.

C.Supporters of Trump believe the news about his affairs with a lady is fake.

D.Suspected AIDS carriers refuse to be tested though it can be done for free.

3.What can be inferred from Paragraphs 6 and 7?

A.Polarization causes individuals to break from the group.

B.Richer sources of information decrease motivated reasoning.

C.Individuals with independent voices are dismissed from the group.

D.Individuals in a group engage in motivated reasoning for their own interests.

4.Which of the following opinions might the author agree with?

A.Denying errors is unavoidable.

B.Failure to admit errors is harmful.

C.Humans are getting better at erring well.

D.Wise people ignore contrary worldviews.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

To err is human. Society is suffering from an inability to acknowledge as much.

For individuals, errors are painful. The trick, then, is to err well: to recognize mistakes and learn from them. Worryingly, humanity may be getting worse at admitting its mistakes.

Few enjoy the feeling of being caught out in an error. But real trouble starts when the desire to avoid a punishment leads to a refusal to deal with contrary evidence. Economists often assume that people are sensible. When faced with a new fact, these people should update their view of the world to take better decisions in future. Yet years of economic research confirms that people frequently disregard information that conflicts with their view of the world.

Why should that be? Last year Roland Benabou, of Princeton, presented a framework for thinking about the problem. In many ways, beliefs are like other economic goods. People spend time and resources building them, and get value from them: some beliefs make owners feel good and show their public identity; other beliefs provide value by shaping behavior—for example, religious asceticism(禁欲主义) can help one avoid unhealthy habits.

Because beliefs, however, are not simply tools for making good decisions, but are treasured in their own right, new information that challenges them is unwelcome. People often engage in “motivated reasoning” to manage such challenges. Mr Benabou classifies this into three categories. “Strategic ignorance” is when a believer avoids information offering conflicting evidence. In “reality denial”， troubling evidence is rationalized(合理化)：real estate investors might make up fanciful theories for why prices should behave unusually, and supporters of a disgraced politician might claim the negative news to be fake. And lastly, in “self­signalling”， the believer creates his own tools to interpret the facts in the way he wants: an unhealthy person, for example, might decide that going for a daily run proves he is well.

“Motivated reasoning” is a cognitive bias(偏见). Not all the errors it leads to are　 costly: praising the performance of one's supported football team despite contradictory evidence does little harm. But when biases are broadly shared—within financial world or political parties—danger arises. Motivated reasoning helps explain why viewpoints polarize (两极分化) even as information is more easily available than ever before.

Work by Mr Benabou suggests that groupthink is highest when people within groups face a shared fate: when choosing to break from a group is unlikely to spare an individual the costs of the group's errors or bring much individual benefit. The incentive(动力) to engage in motivated reasoning is high as a result. Even as the fact on a particular issue is obvious, parties can still become increasingly polarized. That, in turn, can make it harder still for a member of one party to get any benefit from breaking from a group. Indeed, the group has an incentive to silence independent voices.

Public statements of regret are risky in a rigidly polarized world. Admissions of error can not only annoy partners but also provide opportunities for opponents. But it is rarely in the interest of those in the right to pretend that they are never wrong.

1.According to the passage, beliefs are similar to economic goods in that ________．

A. both are entertaining and valuable　　 B. both can be shaped by religious faith

C. both can reflect who the owners are　　 D. both promote religious development

2.Which of the following is an example of “self­signalling”？

A. A fan speaks highly of his team although it has just lost the game.

B. A man covers his ears when stealing a bell, believing the bell won't ring.

C. Supporters of Trump believe the news about his affairs with a lady is fake.

D. Suspected AIDS carriers refuse to be tested though it can be done for free.

3.What can be inferred from Paragraphs 6 and 7?

A. Polarization causes individuals to break from the group.

B. Richer sources of information decrease motivated reasoning.

C. Individuals with independent voices are dismissed from the group.

D. Individuals in a group engage in motivated reasoning for their own interests.

4.Which of the following opinions might the author agree with?

A. Denying errors is unavoidable.

B. Failure to admit errors is harmful.

C. Humans are getting better at erring well.

D. Wise people ignore contrary worldviews.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Born to Win

Each human being is born as something unique, something that never existed before. Each person is born with what he needs to win at life. A normal person can see, hear, touch, taste, and think for himself. Each has his own unique potentials---his capabilities and limitations. Each can be an important, thinking, aware, and creatively productive person in his own right---a winner.

The words "winner" and "loser" have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who defeats the other person by dominating and making him lose. Instead a winner is one who responds honestly by being trustworthy and responsive, both as an individual and as a member of a society. A loser is one who fails to respond honestly.

A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his own knowledge. He can separate facts from opinion and doesn’t pretend to have all the answers. He listens to others, evaluates what they say, but comes to his own conclusions.

A winner is flexible. He does not have to respond in known, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it. A winner has a love for life. He enjoys work, play, food, other people, and the world of nature. Without guilt he enjoys his own accomplishments. Without envy he enjoys the accomplishments of others.

A winner cares about the world and its people. He is not separated from the general problems of society. He tries to improve the quality of life. Even in the face of national and international difficulty, he does not see himself as helpless. He does what he can to make the world a better place.

Although people are born to win, they are also born totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the change from dependence to independence, losers do not. Somewhere along the line losers begin to avoid becoming independent. This usually begins in childhood. Poor nutrition, cruelty, unhappy relationships, disease, continuing disappointments, and inadequate physical care are among the many experiences that contribute to making people losers.

A loser is held back by his low capacity to appropriately express himself through a full range of possible behavior. He may be unaware of other choices for his life if the path he chooses goes nowhere. He is afraid to try new things. He repeats not only his own mistakes and often repeats those of his family and culture.

A loser has difficulty giving and receiving love. He does not enter into close, honest, direct relationships with others. Instead, he tries to manipulate them into living up to his expectations and channels his energies into living up to their expectations.

高三英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析

Like toolmaking,teaching was once thought to be an exclusive capacity of the human mind.It is not actually.

“Teaching”requires this:one individual must take time from their own task to demonstrate and instruct with effort and the student must learn a new skill.That’s a tall order.

When a young chimpanzee watches a skilled adult and then imitates ,that’s learning.But the adult has not taken time specifically to instruct,so it is not teaching.In the honeybees’ amazing dance,the dancer takes time to indicate information about a source of food,but observers learn no new skill.They do take time to show,but they do not pass on new skills to learners.

Dolphins teach.Atlantic spotted dolphin mothers sometimes free a caught fish in the presence of their youngsters and let their youngsters chase it,catching it again if it’s getting away.Dolphin youngsters also position themselves alongside mothers who are scanning sandy bottoms for hidden fish,and the mother spends extra time demonstrating.

Other teachers include:housecats who bring back live prey and let their young learn to catch it,and meerkats(猫鼬) who first bring to their growing young dead scorpions(蝎子), then disabled ones,to demonstrate how to remove the poisonous part on their tails.

Like toolmaking and teaching,imitation is also considered to reflect high intelligence.In South Africa lived a baby dolphin named Dolly.One day while she was just six months old,Dolly was watching a trainer standing at the window smoking a cigarette,blowing puffs of smoke.Dolly swam to her mother,got a mouthful of milk,then returned to the window and released a cloud of milk that surrounded her head.The trainer was“absolutely astonished”.Somehow Dolly came up with the idea of using milk to represent smoke.Using one thing to represent something else isn’t just imitation.It is art.

1.What does the underlined phrase“a tall order”probably mean in paragraph 2?

A. A clear instruction.

B. A high risk.

C. A difficult requirement.

D. useful purpose.

2.What do we know about honeybees’dance?

A. Presenting. B. Learning.

C. Imitating. D. Teaching.

3.What can we infer about animals that can teach?

A. Bees show their dance to younger generations.

B. Housecats teach in a way similar to dolphins.

C. Young dolphins must learn how to free a fish.

D. Meerkats have poisonous parts on the tails.

4.Why does the author use Dolly’s example?

A. To prove smoking can affect other animals.

B. To explain dolphins are capable of making art.

C. To show animals can be surprisingly intelligent.

D. To stress milk is to dolphins what smoking is to men.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Like toolmaking,teaching was once thought to be an exclusive（独有的）capacity of the human mind.It is not actually.

“Teaching”requires this:one individual must take time from their own task to demonstrate and instruct with effort and the student must learn a new　 skill.That’s a tall order.

When a young chimpanzee watches a skilled adult and then imitates（模仿）,that’s learning.But the adult has not taken time specifically to instruct,so it is not teaching.In the honeybees’ amazing dance,the dancer takes time to indicate information about a source of food,but observers learn no new skill.They do take time to show,but they do not pass on new skills to learners.

Dolphins teach.Atlantic spotted dolphin mothers sometimes free a caught fish in the presence of their youngsters and let their youngsters chase it,catching it again if it’s getting away.Dolphin youngsters also position themselves alongside mothers who are scanning sandy bottoms for hidden fish,and the mother spends extra time demonstrating.

Other teachers include:housecats who bring back live prey and let their young learn to catch it,and meerkats（猫鼬）who first bring to their growing young dead scorpions（蝎子）,then disabled ones,to demonstrate how to remove the poisonous part on their tails.

Like toolmaking and teaching,imitation is also considered to reflect high intelligence.In South Africa lived a baby dolphin named Dolly.One day while she was just six months old,Dolly was watching a trainer standing at the window smoking a cigarette,blowing puffs of smoke.Dolly swam to her mother,got a mouthful of milk,then returned to the window and released a cloud of milk that surrounded her head.The trainer was“absolutely astonished”.Somehow Dolly came up with the idea of using milk to represent smoke.Using one thing to represent something else isn’t just imitation.It is art.

1.What does the underlined phrase“a tall order”probably mean in paragraph 2?

A. A clear instruction.　　 B. A high risk.

C. A difficult requirement.　　 D. A useful purpose.

2.What do we know about honeybees’ dance?

A. Presenting.　　 B. Learning.

C. Imitating.　　 D. Teaching.

3.What can we infer about animals that can teach?

A. Bees show their dance to younger generations.

B. Housecats teach in a way similar to dolphins.

C. Young dolphins must learn how to free a fish.

D. Meerkats have poisonous parts on the tails.

4.Why does the author use Dolly’s example?

A. To prove smoking can affect other animals.

B. To explain dolphins are capable of making art.

C. To show animals can be surprisingly intelligent.

D. To stress milk is to dolphins what smoking is to men.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Through educating himself and strengthening his own will power, every individual should be able to ________ the temptation of cigarettes.

A．remove　　　　　　　　　     B．register

C．resist　　　　　　　     D．reserve

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to _____ to their greatest potential.

A. accelerate　　　　　　　　 B. improve

C. perform　　　　　　　　　 D. develop

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to ______ to their greatest potential.

A. cultivate　　　　 　 B. accelerate　　　　　 C. expand　　　　　　　　 D. develop

高三英语单项填空简单题查看答案及解析