请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
A great many parents send their children to pre-schools --- educational programs for children under the age of five. It has been said that this is the time period when the brain does over fifty percent of its growing. This could mean that the learning process should be introduced during these years.
However, the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education are not same. Whereas Chinese parents tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, parents in the United States regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant. Preschools can operate under a guiding philosophy of play-based or academic learning. Play-based programs are guided by the central belief that children learn best through play. Play is thought to build children’s interest and love of learning. Academic programs emphasize reading, math and science, and use structured, teacher-directed activities to promote foundational skills in these areas. In the United States, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children’s physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.
A recent evaluation suggests that preschoolers who participate in Head Start are less likely to repeat grades, and more likely to complete school in future. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest. In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.
Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation, which parents can do nothing about. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive(认知的) development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
Early Childhood Education | |
Reasons for attending preschools | •The 1.of the brain matures under the age of five. •Parents’ expectations of preschools2.greatly. |
3. of preschools | •Some programs 4. on play activities while others on academic activities. •Parents are 5.in some preschool programs. |
Benefits of attending preschools | •Graduates are more 6.to go to school. •Graduates may achieve higher grades at high school. •It can be 7.for households in the long term. |
8. about preschools | •Children feel pressured at a young age. •Factors determining academic success are beyond parents’ 9.. •Early childhood education must be 10. with children’s development and characteristics. |
高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析
请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填一个单词。
Why Should You Be an Intrapreneur at work?
Wikipedia defines intrapreneurship as “the act of behaving like an entrepreneur while working within a large organization.” In my view, intrapreneurs are people who have a strong interest in thinking outside the box, pushing new ideas forward in their companies and speaking their mind.
Taking this road isn’t usually a popular choice. It’s easier to go with the flow, collect your paycheck and call it a day. However, the benefits of being an empowered, vocal (直言不讳的) employee are huge. Becoming an intrapreneur at work can help your career and even the careers of people around you in a variety of ways.
Speaking up when something isn’t going as you think it should - even if it’s just the way a project is being approached - demonstrates confidence and forward thinking. If you’ve never viewed yourself as a leader, this might seem very daunting (使人畏缩的) at first. And many people, women especially, might even feel as though they need permission to make their voice heard. The following quote opened my eyes and shifted my perspective on this many years ago:
“The thing women have yet to learn is nobody gives you power. You just take it.”
-Roseanne Barr
Even if they disagree with you, your colleagues are more likely to respect you as a professional if you demonstrate assertiveness (自信) and independent thinking. Respect yourself and your own ideas, and others will respect you in turn.
Intrapreneurs understand that their careers are in their own hands. If they’re unhappy at work or don’t like something about their workplace or responsibilities, they don’t complain about it; they take steps to change it. Being active instead of passive about your goals and personal vision will make you happier - with your job and yourself - in the long run.
Vocal employees are more likely to produce a culture where everyone believes they can contribute to a larger conversation about the company and its future. This is the key to producing a truly collaborative (协作的) culture that fosters loyalty.
Intrapreneurs don’t think of an idea and then shelve (搁置) it because “the boss will never go for it.” They push forward and ensure their ideas have a voice. They also think creatively about finding a way to make the idea fit within an existing initiative or program. Without people who’re willing to go to bat for their ideas, nothing new and innovative is likely to happen.
Wouldn’t you rather be that person?
Why Should You Be an Intrapreneur at work? | ||
Concept of an intrapreneur | Someone who tends to think 1. and speak up in the workplace | |
2. of being an intrapreneur | It demonstrates leadership. | ◆ To say what you think if you find anything 3. during work is a demonstration of confidence and forward thinking. ◆ Hard as it is to make one’s voice heard, 4. for women, you should give yourself the power to express your ideas. |
You’ll be more respected. | ◆ If you think 5., your colleagues will respect you even if they hold different ideas. | |
You will be happier. | ◆ Facing something not 6. during work, an intrapreneur won’t complain but act to change the situation. ◆ Being active will bring more happiness to you. | |
Your company will become a better place for everyone to work in. | An intrapreneur 7.other people in the company to put forward ideas, which helps to 8. a working environment where everyone likes to work together and faithfully. | |
Pioneering new ideas is how innovation happens | ◆ An intrapreneur won’t come up with a new idea and then give it up. ◆ An intrapreneur will use his or her brain to 9. the new idea to a(n) 10. program. ◆ It is because of the new ideas brought up by an intrapreneur that innovation appears in the company. |
高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析
根据短文内容,填写表格。
A great many parents send their children to pre-schools - educational programs for children under the age of five. It has been said that this is the time period when the brain does over fifty percent of its growing. This could mean that the learning process should be introduced during these years.
However, the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education are not same. Whereas Chinese parents tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, parents in the United States regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant.
Preschools can operate under a guiding philosophy of play-based or academic learning. Play-based programs are guided by the central belief that children learn best through play. Play is thought to build children’s interest and love of learning. Academic programs emphasize reading, math and science, and use structured, teacher-directed activities to promote foundational skills in these areas. In the United States, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children’s physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.
A recent evaluation suggests that preschoolers who participate in Head Start are less likely to repeat grades, and more likely to complete school in future. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest. In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.
Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation, which parents can do nothing about. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
Early Childhood Education | |
Reasons for attending preschools | •The 1. of the brain matures under the age of five. •Parents’ expectations of preschools 2. greatly. |
3. of preschools | •Some programs 4. on play activities while others on academic activities. •Parents are 5. in some preschool programs. |
Benefits of attending preschools | •Graduates are better 6. for future schooling. •Graduates may achieve higher grades at high school. •It can be 7. for households in the long term. |
8. about preschools | •Children feel pressured at a young age. •Factors determining academic success are 9. parents’ control. •Early childhood education must be 10. with children’s development and characteristics. |
高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填1个单词,请将答案写在答题卷上相应题号的横线上。
Could a Doodle (涂鸦)Replace Your Password?
Nearly 80 percent of Americans own a smartphone, and a growing proportion of them use smartphones to surf the Internet, not just when they’re on the go. This leads to people storing considerable amounts of personal and private data on their mobile devices.
Often, there is just one layer of security protecting all that data--emails and text messages, social media profiles, bank accounts and credit cards, even other passwords to online services. It’s the password that unlocks the smartphone’s screen. Usually this involves entering a number, or just laying a fingertip a sensor.
Over the past couple of years, my research group, my colleagues and I have designed, created and tested a better way. We call it “user-generated free-form gestures,” which means smartphone owners can draw their own security pattern on the screen. It’s a very simple idea that is surprisingly secure.
1. IMPROVING TODAY'S WEAK SECURITY
It might seem that biometric (生物识别的) authentication (认证), like a fingerprint, could be stronger. But it’s not, because most systems that let a user allow fingerprint access also require a PIN (Personal Identification Number) or a password as a backup method. A user or thief could skip the biometric method and instead just enter (or guess) a PIN or a password. Compared to other methods, our approach dramatically increases the potential length and complexity of a password. Users simply draw a pattern across an entire touchscreen, using any number of locations on the screen.
2. MEASURING DRAWINGS
As users draw a shape or pattern on the screen, we track their fingers, recording the directions and speed. We compare that track to one recorded when they set up the gesture-based login. This protection can be added just by software changes; it needs no specific hardware or other modifications to existing touchscreen devices. As touchscreens become more common on laptop computers, this method could be used to protect them too.
Our system also allows people to use more than one finger — though some participants wrongly assumed that making simple gestures with multiple fingers would be more secure than the same gesture with just one finger. The key to improving security using one or more fingers is to make a design that is not easy to guess.
3. EASY TO DO AND REMEMBER, HARD TO BREAK
Some people who participated in our studies created gestures that could be articulated as symbols, such as digits, geometric shapes (like a cylinder) and musical notations which are easy for them to remember. Even a relatively simple symbol, like an eighth note, can be drawn in so many different ways that calculating the possible variations is computationally intensive and consumes plenty of time. This is unlike text passwords, for which variations are simple to try out.
4. REPLACING MORE THAN ONE PASSWORD
Our research has extended beyond just using a gesture to unlock a smartphone. We have explored the potential for people to use doodles instead of passwords on several websites. Unappeared to be easier to remember multiple gestures than it is to recall different passwords for each site.
In fact, it was faster. Logging in with a gesture took two to six seconds less time than doing so with a text password. It’s faster to generate a gesture than a password, too. People spent 42 percent less time generating gesture credentials than people we studied who had to make up new passwords. We also found that people could successfully enter gestures without spending as much attention on them as they had to with text passwords.
Gesture-based interactions are popular and prevalent on mobile platforms, and are increasingly making their way to touchscreen-equipped laptops and desktops. The owners of those types of devices could benefit from a quick,easy and more secure authentication methods like ours.
Could a Doodle Replace Your Password? | ||
Passage outline | Detailed information | |
Introduction | •An increasing number of people use smartphones for Internet1.The free-form gesture drawn with a doodle is a very simple but surprisingly secure idea. | |
Characteristics | Improving today’s weak security. | •A user or thief could skip fingerprint authentication by employing an2.like just guessing a PIN or a password. •In3. to other methods, the passwords our approach is dramatically longer and complex than that of other methods. |
Measuring drawings | •A shape or pattern drawn on the screen, where the user's fingers go and 4.quickly they move. •To make a design with one or more fingers that is difficult to guess is of great 5.to the improvement of security. | |
Easy to do and remember, hard to break | •Even a relatively simple symbol can be drawn in diverse ways so that the6. of the possible variations is intensive and time-consuming. | |
7. the place of more than one password | • It is more8.to recall different password for each site than to remember multiple gestures. •Having new passwords9.takes 42 percent more time than generating gesture credentials with a doodle. | |
Conclusion | •Gesture-based interactions are gaining10.and are widely applied to touchscreen-equipped laptops and desktops. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填 1 个单词。
Britain Supports E-Cigarettes, US Considers Ban
The United States and Britain have very different views on e-cigarettes.
American public health officials are warning of the dangers of vaping(吸电子烟)among young people. But, British officials consider electronic cigarettes to be a powerful tool for people trying to quit smoking.
Britain’s Royal College of Physicians tells doctors to promote e-cigarettes “as widely as possible” for patients trying to give up cigarettes. And Public Health England says vaping is much less dangerous than smoking.
In the United States, hundreds of people who vape have been sickened by a mysterious lung illness. Many of them are teenagers.
In answer, the federal government and some states have recently taken steps to ban the flavored e-cigarettes that appeal to young people.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now recommends that people consider not using e-cigarettes.
Dr. John Britton is director of the U.K. Center for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies at the University of Nottingham. He said the U.S. reaction is “complete madness.” Dr. Britton added, “The reality with smoking is, if you tell people to stop vaping, they will go back to tobacco and tobacco kills.”
Around the world, countries have different views on vaping. More than 30 nations ban e-cigarettes completely. Many European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Germany and Italy, consider e-cigarettes the same as tobacco products and control the sales of them.
However, France, just like Britain, hardly sets limits on the sales of e-cigarettes. In those countries, e-cigarettes are sold as usual consumer products.
E-cigarettes arrived in the United States in 2007 and have been mostly unregulated. Three years ago, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) got the power to oversee their use. Black market, illegal sales of e-cigarettes have grown quickly.
The FDA’s acting commissioner, Dr. Ned Sharpless, recently testified(作证)before Congress.
Several lawmakers suggested complete removal of e-cigarettes from the market.
“We do not consider these products safe, we think they have harm,” Dr. Sharpless said. “We do not think really anyone should be using them other than people using them in place of smoking regular tobacco cigarettes. “
How do e-cigarettes work? The vaping devices usually heat a solution(溶液)containing nicotine into a vapor, which is inhaled. The amount of nicotine differs widely. Some countries restrict the amount. There is no limit in the United States. But the widespread use of vaping devices among young people brought warnings from health officials. They said nicotine harms a teenager’s still-developing brain.
“What’s right for England might not be right for the U.S.,” said Ryan Kennedy. He is with the Institute for Global Tobacco Control at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The CDC said that the mysterious lung illness appears to be in connection with THC vaping products. THC is a chemical compound that gives marijuana its high.
The agency said many of the 800 people who got sick reported vaping THC. It said it still needed more information to know whether a single product, substance or brand is responsible. Some researchers have blamed an ingredient used in vaping oils, especially in black market products.
Britain Supports E-Cigarettes, US Considers Ban | ||
Different 1.. Towards e-cigarettes | The USA | ★Warnings are given out that vaping damages health. ★A ban on flavored e-cigarettes is 2..way. ★People are advised by CDC to 3. vaping. |
Britain | ★E-cigarettes are considered as helpful for smokers to quit. ★Vaping puts people at less 4. than smoking. ★The medical administration promotes the prescription of vaping for patients trying to quit smoking. | |
Elsewhere | ★Over 30 nations ban e-cigarettes completely. ★Many European countries try to keep e-cigarettes in 5.. ★The sales of e-cigarettes face 6. rules in Britain as well as in France. | |
Reasons for the differences | ★In the USA, a mysterious lung illness, suspected to be 7. to THC vaping products, has spread among vapers including a lot of teenagers. ★It is believed in Britain, which thinks the USA overreacts, that people will 8. to deadly tobacco if vaping is banned. | |
Other facts about e-cigarettes | ★Black market has expanded quickly due to lack of proper regulations. ★FDA recently testified( 作 证 )before Congress, of which several lawmakers suggested that e-cigarettes should be 9. removed from the market. ★The amount of nicotine 10. in the solution( 溶 液 )of vaping devices differs widely. Anyway, it harms a teenager’s still-developing brain. |
高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析
任务型阅读
What is positive thinking? You might be tempted to assume that it implies seeing the world through rose-colored lenses by ignoring the negative aspects of life. However, positive thinking actually means approaching life's challenges with a positive outlook. It does not necessarily mean avoiding or ignoring the bad things; instead, it involves making the most of potentially bad situations, trying to see the best in other people, and viewing yourself and your abilities in a positive light.
Some researchers often frame positive thinking in terms of explanatory style. Your explanatory style is how you explain why events happened. People with an optimistic explanatory style tend to give themselves credit when good things happen, but typically blame outside forces for bad outcomes. Unlike individuals with a pessimistic explanatory style they also seldom view negative events as expected and lasting. Positive thinkers are more likely to use an optimistic explanatory style, but the way in which people attribute events can also vary depending upon the exact situation. For examples, a person who is generally a positive thinker might use a more pessimistic explanatory style in particularly challenging situations, such as at work or at school.
In recent years, the so-called "power of positive thinking" has gained a great deal of attention. Empirical (经验的) research has found that there are a lot of very real health benefits linked to positive thinking and optimistic attitudes. For example, positive thinking can make one live longer, feel less depressed, become less likely to suffer from health problems like the common cold and cardiovascular disease-related death. But why exactly does positive thinking have such a strong impact on health? One theory is that people who think positively tend to live a healthier life in general; they may exercise more, follow a more nutritious (营养的) diet and avoid unhealthy behaviors.
Even if you are not a natural-bom optimist, there are things you can do to learn how to think positively. For example, you are supposed to focus on your own inner monologue (独白) and stay away from negative self-talk.
When you are facing challenges and start engaging in negative thinking, call a friend of family member who you can count on to offer positive encouragement and feedback. Overall, remember that to think positively, you need to nurture (滋养) yourself. Investing energy in things you enjoy and surrounding yourself with optimistic people are just two ways that you can encourage positive thinking in your life.
Passage Outline | Supporting details |
Concept | Positive thinking refers to an attitude of approaching challenges, which doesn't mean escaping from bad things but taking 1.of them. |
Characteristics of positive thinkers | ♦ Positive thinkers reward themselves for good outcomes while they do not 2. themselves when bad things happen. ♦They tend to regard negative events as unexpected and3. . ♦ They are likely to 4.with some challenging situations in a pessimistic way. |
Benefits and possible reasons | ♦ Positive thinking helps 5. peopled lifespan, manage depression and improve people's ability to 6. disease. ♦ People who think positively tend to live 7.. |
Tips | ♦ 8. negative self-talk and when experiencing trouble. ♦Turn to a(n)9. person for positive encouragement and feedback. ♦ 10. yourself to interesting things and spend time with optimistic people. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
任务型阅读
The Hidden Meaning of Kids' Scribbles (胡乱画)
A parent might place his daughter's tadpole (蝌蚪) drawing on the fridge out of a love for his child rather than for the funky-looking image ,but for many people, that tadpole art is actually quite charming. In fact ,adult abstract artists were often inspired by children's drawing. Observers have found similar patterns in modem abstract art and kids' drawing.
Acknowledging that young kids aren't as eager to produce a realistic rendering (呈现)helps demonstrate what the drawing experience means to them. For many kids ,drawing is enjoyable not because of the final product it leads to, but because they can live completely in the world of their drawing for a few minutes. Adults may find it hard to relate to this sort of full-body ,short experience. But the opportunities for self-expression that drawing provides have important ,even therapeutic ,value for kids.
Maureen Ingram , who's a preschool teacher,said her students often tell different stories about a given piece of art depending on the day ,perhaps because they weren't sure what they intended to draw when they started the picture. "We as adults will often say,‘ I'm going to draw a horse,and we set out…and get frustrated when we can't do it ," Ingram said. "They seem to take a much more sensible approach, where they just draw, " and then they realize ,"it is a horse."
Ultimately,what may be most revealing about kids,art isn't the art itself but what they say during the drawing process. Studies suggest that kids will create an elaborate narrative (详细的故事)while drawing ,but when telling adults about their work they'll simply name the items or characters in the image.
And what about those odd or scary-looking drawings? Does that mean kids are telling themselves stories that are odd or scary? It's hard to say,but it's rarely a good idea to over-interpret it. Ellen Winner ,a psychology professor at Boston College, pointed to parents who worry when their kid draws a child the same size as the adults ,wondering whether she's suffering from ,say ,a feeling of impotence -a desire to feel as powerful as older people. But the likely reason is that the child hasn't yet learned how to differentiate size; the easiest solution is to just make all the figures the same size.
What's most important to remember is that "children's art has its own logic ," Winner said. "Children are not being crazy."
Passage outline | Supporting details |
Different angles of looking at kids' drawing | Parents might display kids' drawing at home as an1.of love for their children. Adult abstract artists could draw 2.from kids' drawing. |
Real3.of drawing experience to kids | Kids enjoy the4.of drawing rather than the final product. Though kids' drawing experience is hard for adults to 5.,it allows kids to express themselves. |
Typical characteristics of kids in drawing | kids just draw 6.and then they realize they have drawn something, not like adults who know what they intend to draw. Kids create stories while drawing, but can't tell them 7. |
A professor's opinions | There is no 8. to over-interpret odd or scary-looking drawings. Kids are 9. to be less knowledgeable. For instance, they may have no idea about size. |
Conclusion | Children's art seems 10. on the surface, but it has its own logic. |
高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析
Marketers have more options in today’s increasingly multilingual society — a variety of electronic and print media can address groups of consumers in different languages. Various factors influence the choice of media and language. In some cases, it’s simply practical to advertise in the consumer’s native language, particularly if many of the consumers in this group are primarily monolingual. In other cases, by advertising on, say, a Spanish television channel in the US, an advertiser may earn the respect of the consumer by addressing him in his native language, as well as develop positive associations with the medium and its unique content. Now, marketers have another factor to consider when deciding where to advertise and in what language. A paper. Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame switching published by researchers at the University of Texas, shows that bilingual individuals exhibit different personality characteristics when speaking different languages.
Lead researcher Nairan Ramirez-Esparza, tested individuals who were bilingual in English and Spanish for various personality traits, and found that the subjects answered the questions differently when asked in English and Spanish. The new work built on past research showed the values of subjects changed when they were surrounded by stimuli from different cultures.
How can marketers take advantage of “cultural frame switching”? It may sound challenging without specific research, but at least for Spanish, English bilinguals in the US, there is now some hard data on the language-related personality shift. Extrapolating to other language combinations may be possible, too. Since the Spanish/English bilingual results seem to be in agreement with testing of monolingual Spanish and English speakers, language-specific testing of bilingual subjects may not be essential to get an idea of what kind of cultural frame switching might occur in other bilingual combinations. Rather, comparing known personality differences for each language/ culture would give an indication of the differences bilingual individuals would exhibit.
I think it would be a mistake to over-emphasize this phenomenon over other criteria affecting the selection of appropriate media and language to reach a target market. Clearly, the major considerations of demographics (人口统计资料), perception of the medium, language fluency, etc. should remain major factors. Besides, the language-driven cultural frame switching may not make much difference to many products or services. If the product does attract one cultural personality more, though, it may make sense to exploit that difference of the other decision criteria are more or less equivalent.
The researchers point out that the differences aren’t great. Even if slight, though, the differences are noticeable.
Cultural Frame Switching: Different Language, Different Personality | |
Concept of cultural frame switching | Cultural frame switching refers to the phenomenon of shifting from one cultural mindset to another when people are 1. to their new cultural environment. |
Applications of cultural frame switching | Cultural frame switching is a factor marketers now take into 2. to reach target customers. |
Personality shift proves to be 3. for Spanish/ English bilinguals, which makes it not 4. to do language-specific testing of bilingual subjects. | |
Looking for the known personality differences between each language/culture would give marketers a better 5. of how bilingual individuals would 6. in two different cultures. | |
Facts about cultural frame switching | It’s wrong to put too much 7. on the functions of cultural frame switching. |
Compared with other criteria, the language-driven cultural frame switching simply plays a (n) 8. role in marketing success. | |
Providing that a product 9. to a certain cultural personality more, the difference is worth employing. | |
Conclusion | The effect different languages have on personality is 10. but noticeable. |
高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析
请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最适当的单词。注意:每空一个单词。
The exact data on women in agriculture is difficult to pin down. There are variations between countries and agriculture data is challenging to collect. What is clear, however, is that most small-scale farmers are women, making up 60-80 percent of farmers in developing countries. The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN) estimates that between 43 percent to even 70 percent of agricultural labor in some countries comes from women.
But women still don’t have the same rights as men when it comes to farming, making food production harder for women because of gender inequality. For female farmers, it is unquestionably a challenging job to engage in food production.
In the first place, purchasing land, farming equipment and hiring labor can be expensive. These costs are even harder on women because many of them lack access to credit. In nearly 48 economies women face legal restrictions to having control of their own finances.
Getting to the bank is hard too. Mobility for women in rural parts of developing countries is a big concern. Better transportation and infrastructure could help make access to credit more practicable for women. Credit and finance should be equal for everyone, especially women who are held back by gender restrictions.
Sadly, women may run the world, but they do not own it. Women are virtually denied property rights. Traditional customs in place can pass down land through the male side of the family, leaving women out of land rights completely. Other times, women need permission from a male relative or husband to own land.
It has been apparent that women are not as productive farmers as men and work longer hours in some countries like Indonesia. This is largely due to a lack of education. When education is considered more valuable for men (and thus mainly given to men), women farmers are less informed about the best production methods, thus producing less yield in crops and becoming “less productive”. This can all be changed through providing education for women. Removing gender inequality can help feed 130 million people who are currently undernourished.
Despite these barriers, women are definitely not leaving the “field”. In countries experiencing urban growth, men are migrating to urban areas for other jobs while women stay in rural areas, taking on jobs in farming and agriculture. Healthier children, education, and investment into the community are all benefits that female farmers are shown to have on their communities.
Let’s close the gender gap and give women the tools they need to succeed. If women farmers in developing countries have the same rights and opportunities, they will be just as productive. With increasing population, and the need for better food security, supporting women in agriculture is something that cannot afford not to be invested in.
Women running most small farms | Women in developing countries 1. for a large proportion of the labor force in the agricultural sector. |
Women’s 2. to food production | Without credit, many women farmers can’t 3. the cost of large farms. * The law sets a 4. on women’s freedom to manage money. * It is a struggle for women in the countryside to enjoy bank service. |
Women in many countries do not have easy 5. to the ownership of property. * 6. can take over land from the previous generation. * Without a male’s permission women cannot take possession of land. | |
The education system 7. men over women, resulting in different levels of productivity. * Unlike men, women are often ignorant of agricultural science. * Women could become more 8. if they were to enjoy equal education. | |
Expected support for women farmers | Considering women’s 9. to society, we are supposed to end gender discrimination and 10. up women in agriculture. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
请注意阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单 词。每个空格只填1个单词。
Company culture is a hot topic for nearly every business. Everyone wants to create a productive, collaborative and inviting work environment where all employees follow shared values and work toward a common goal.
We asked a group of entrepreneurs to share how they encourage their teams to participate in building the company culture. Here are their top recommendations.
Get employee input on the hiring process
While a hiring manager should always have a final say over who joins the team, it could help to allow employees of all levels to participate in the hiring process. Ismael Wrixen, CEO of FE International recommends letting some of a candidate's future teammates sit in on an interview, as this can help you find people who will fit in well with your other employees.
"Our company has a real familiar feel, and team members often socialize outside or work." Wrixen explains. ''Considering how people will fit in the team once they are hired has always been an important consideration."
Create a space and environment that allows for breaks
Company culture-building can sometimes feel forced, says Jessica Gonzalez, CEO of InCharged. To make it more organic and natural, Gonzalez believes the best thing to do is to create the space and environment for it.
"Some companies get a Ping-Pong table,” she says. "It doesn't really matter the details, but you have given your employees permission to take breaks and blow off some steam with their coworkers. That's where culture and connection will be built."
Stop micromanaging
If you want your employees to build a great culture of their own, don't disturb the process, says Solomon Thimothy, president of OneIMS. While he monitors all processes on his team (including culture-building), he only gets involved when his staff needs him, rather than constantly micromanaging.
"Connect people with each other, define your expectations, set the pace and leave them alone,” Thimothy says.
Plan activities that reflect your shared values
According to Beth Doane, managing partner of Main & Rose, your internal brand should reflect your external one. She recommends bringing your team together around a shared set of values and then doing activities to strengthen that brand.
"As a social-good focused firm, we love doing activities that give back-hiking, volunteering, cleaning up the environment, Doane adds. "It's fun and it gets the whole team involved in our mission."
Ask for their ideas and suggestions
If you really want your employees to help build the company culture, all you have to do is ask them for their input. Chris Christoff, cofounder of Monster Insights, says he is open to suggestions from team members on how to perform more efficiently.
“Opening the invitation to new ideas fosters a positive company culture because it shows employees their voices are heard and their opinions matter because they do," Christoff says. “It creates a relaxing, trustworthy environment where everyone respects what each other has to say.”
Anyhow, it's important to remember that culture is not necessarily a top-down creation. Instead, a successful culture is developed and maintained by the workers who live it every single day.
Company culture | |
Introduction | Companies hope to possess a productive, collaborative work environment where every employee 1.shared values. |
2. from entrepreneurs | It helps when staff get 3. in the hiring process, despite the fact that employers always have a final say. |
The company had better create a space and environment that takes 4.of breaks, making it possible for the employees to 5. stress. | |
The employers should leave development room for employees after setting goals for them but come to their assistance only if 6. | |
Based on shared values, the company ought to do activities where your internal brand should 7.external one. | |
It's a wise choice to 8.employees about ideas and suggestions because such a relaxing, trustworthy environment allows everybody to show 9. for each other's opinions. | |
Conclusion | Company culture is not necessarily a top-down creation. Instead, its 10.and maintenance depend on workers themselves. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析