The study of psychology is facing a crisis. T...

The study of psychology is facing a crisis. The Research Excellence Framework(the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular, and science in general. The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking, novel, and exciting research in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate(复制) studies.

The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiment is repeated. Of course, a similar result may not appear – casting into question the validity(有效性) of the results from the first experiment.

Last year, the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journals. While 97% of the original studies had a statistically significant result, just 36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying: when an effect did appear, it was often much smaller than previously thought.

Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science. These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false.

Science is supposed to be self-correcting and reproducibility is a cornerstone of the scientific method. Yet, we simply aren’t invested in replicating findings. We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works. So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid?

Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research?), significance (does it have practical or commercial importance?), and rigour (is the research technically right?). Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4* papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional position in league tables(排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications the better.

Worryingly, many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication. Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significant effects from collected data. Others simply fabricate data – Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies.

The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why? The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis. According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting.

With the next Ref just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.

1.What crisis is the study of psychology facing?

A. The Ref has led to a revolution in not-only psychology but also science.

B. The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research.

C. The Ref tends to set up a different standard of replications of studies.

D. The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects.

2.The Ref’s focus on originality has brought about _______.

A. a reliable body of knowledge

B. publications exploring new areas

C. tests of well- established theories

D. uninteresting replications of studies

3.We can infer from the passage that the Ref _______.

A. is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities

B. provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities

C. recognizes researchers’ work and adds to their attractiveness to students

D. is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission

4.What does the writer mean by saying “be a good scientist”?

A. Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis.

B. Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref.

C. Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities.

D. Avoid using false research practices to test old theories.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

The study of psychology is facing a crisis. The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular, and science in general. The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative, and exciting research in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies.

The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiment is repeated. Of course, a similar result may not appear – casting into questions the validity of the results from the first experiment.

Last year, the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journalists. While 97% of the original studies had a statistically significant result, just 36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying: when an effect did appear, it was often much smaller than previously thought.

Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science. These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false.

Science is supposed to be self-correcting and reproducible is a cornerstone of the scientific method. Yet, we simply aren't invested in replicating findings. We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works. So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid?

Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research?), significance (does it have practical or commercial importance?), and rigour (is the research technically right?). Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4* papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional position in league tables(排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications, the better.

Worrying, many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication. Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significant effects from collected data. Others simply fabricate data-Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies.

The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why? The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis. According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting.

With the next Ref submission just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.

1.What crisis is the study of psychology facing?

A.The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also science.

B.The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research.

C.The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects.

D.The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies.

2.What do the numbers in Para. 3 indicate?

A.Scientific studies may not prove scientific.

B.Science needs to be updated frequently.

C.Journals should be stricter with studies,

D.It is getting hard to count on scientists.

3.The Ref's focus on originality has brought about ___________.

A.a reliable body of knowledge

B.publications exploring new areas

C.tests of well-established theories

D.uninteresting replications of studies

4.We can infer from the passage that the Ref ____________.

A.is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities

B.provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities

C.recognizes researchers' work and adds to their attractiveness to students

D.is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission

5.What does the writer mean by saying ''be a good scientist''?

A.Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref.

B.Avoid using false research practices to test old theories.

C.Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities.

D.Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Anger is good for you, as long as you control it, according to new psychology research. A new study from Carnegie Mellon University shows anger may help people reduce the negative impacts of stress and help you become healthier.

“Here getting emotional is not bad for you if you look at the case of anger,” said Jennifer Lerner of Carnegie Mellon. “The more people display anger, the lower their stress responses.”

Lerner studied 92 UCLA students by asking them to count back from 6,200. They must say out loud every thirteenth number. Researchers disturbed them by asking them to count faster or ask them other questions. If they made any mistakes, they had to restart from the very beginning. Many students felt depressed about making so many mistakes or got angry.

Lerner used a hidden video camera and recorded all their facial expressions during the test. The researchers describe their reactions as fear, anger and disgust.

Other researchers recorded the students’ blood pressure, pulse and production of a high-stress hormone（荷尔蒙）called cortisol. People whose faces showed more fear during the experiment had higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone. Both can have lasting effects such as diabetes（糖尿病）, heart disease, depression and extra weight gain.

When people feel fear, negative impacts increase, but when they get angry, those negatives go down, according to the study.

“Having that sense of anger leads people to actually feel some power in what otherwise is a maddening（令人发狂的）situation,” Lerner said.

Lerner previously studied Americans’ emotional response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks two months after the incident. She found people who reacted with anger were more optimistic. These people are healthier compared with those who were frightened during the event. So in maddening situations, anger is not a bad thing to have. It’s a healthier response than fear.

1.What is the story mainly about?

2.Which statement will Jennifer Lerner agree with?

3. What does the underlined word “both” refer to according to the passage?

4.In what ways can anger be beneficial to people?

5.The researchers irritated（激怒）the students by __________.

高三英语阅读理解困难题查看答案及解析

Anger is good for you, as long as you control it, according to new psychology research. A new study from Carnegie Mellon University shows anger may help people reduce the negative impacts of stress and help you become healthier.

“Here getting emotional is not bad for you if you look at the case of anger,” said Jennifer Lerner of Carnegie Mellon. “The more people display anger, the lower their stress responses.”

Lerner studied 92 UCLA students by asking them to count back from 6,200. They must say out loud every thirteenth number. Researchers disturbed them by asking them to count faster or ask them other questions. If they made any mistakes, they had to restart from the very beginning. Many students felt depressed about making so many mistakes or got angry.

Lerner used a hidden video camera and recorded all their facial expressions during the test. The researchers describe their reactions as fear, anger and disgust.

Other researchers recorded the students’ blood pressure, pulse and production of a high-stress hormone（荷尔蒙）called cortisol. People whose faces showed more fear during the experiment had higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone. Both can have lasting effects such as diabetes（糖尿病）, heart disease, depression and extra weight gain.

When people feel fear, negative impacts increase, but when they get angry, those negatives go down, according to the study.

“Having that sense of anger leads people to actually feel some power in what otherwise is a maddening（令人发狂的）situation,” Lerner said.

Lerner previously studied Americans’ emotional response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks two months after the incident. She found people who reacted with anger were more optimistic. These people are healthier compared with those who were frightened during the event. So in maddening situations, anger is not a bad thing to have. It’s a healthier response than fear.

1. What is the story mainly about?

2.Which statement will Jennifer Lerner agree with?

3.What does the underlined word “both” refer to according to the passage?

4. In what ways can anger be beneficial to people?

5.The researchers irritated（激怒）the students by __________.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

Anger is good for you, as lon g as you control it, according to new psychology research. A new study from Carnegie Mellon University shows anger may help people reduce the negative impacts of stress and help you become healthier.

"Here getting emotional is not bad for you if you look at the case of anger," said Jennifer Lerner of Carnegie Mellon. "The more people display anger, the lower their stress responses."

Lerner studied 92 UCLA students by asking them to count back from 6,200. They must say out loud every thirteenth number. Researchers disturbed them by asking them to count faster or ask them other questions. If they made any mistakes, they had　 to restart from the very beginning. Many students felt depressed about making so many mistakes or got angry because the researchers were interrupting them.

Lerner used a hidden video camera and recorded all their facial expressions during the test. The researchers describe their reactions as fear, anger and disgust.

Other researchers recorded the students' blood pressure, pulse and production of a high-stress hormone (荷尔蒙) called cortisol. People whose faces showed more fear during th e experiment had higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone. Both can have lasting effects such as diabetes (糖尿病), heart disease, depression and extra weight gain.

When people feel fear, negative impacts increase, but when they get angry, those negatives go down, according to the study.

"Having that sense of anger leads people to actually feel some power in what otherwise is maddening (令人发狂的) situation,"

Lerner said. Lerner previously studied Americans' emotional response to the 911 terrorist attacks two months after the incident. She found people who reacted with anger were more optimistic. These people are healthier compared with those who were frightened during the event. So in maddening situations, anger is not a bad thing to have. It's a healthier response than fear.

1.Which statement will Jennifer Lerner agree with?

A. It's better to be angry than to be frightened.

B. Different reactions reflect different outlooks on life.

C. Don't control your anger and it makes you powerful.

D. Pessimistic people are generally healthier than opt imistic people.

2.What does the underlined word "both" refer to according to the passage?

A. Fear and anger.

B. Higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone.

C. Blood pressure and pulse.

D. Blood pressure and cortisone.

3.The researchers made the experimented students angry by ______.

A. recording their performance secretly

B. asking them to count to 6,200 again and again

C. disturbing them and making them start all over again

D. criticizing them when they made mistakes

4.In what way can anger be beneficial to people?

A. By showing their optimistic side.

B. By reducing their stress.

C. By reducing high blood pressure.

D. By taking the place of fear.

5.What is the story mainly about?

A. The findings of new psychology research.

B. What you can do with anger in certain cases.

C. Different effects produced by anger and fear.

D. Healthier responses in maddening situations.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

The area of child psychology is one of the most significant and well studied of all the branches of psychology. It aims to help with achieving a greater understanding of the behavior of children through an understanding of their minds. It deals with children who range from the prenatal(出生前的)stage right up to the stage of adolescence.

The psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) has been credited with making a major breakthrough in this area when he put forward his idea that children were not actually less intelligent than adults, rather they just thought in a different way. Preciously the development of children right from birth through to adulthood was an area that was almost completely neglected. In fact very little work was done in this area. However, interest in this field has now developed to the point of being one of the most debated of all the areas of psychology.

Despite popular belief that factors such as genetics or personal characteristics are the only determining factors that influence a youth’s behavior, this is not in fact the case. In reality, development actually includes many more factors than those contained within an individual. Factors such as environment, which can include social relationships and the surrounding culture, also play important roles. Relationships with both peers and adults will no doubt affect how children think and learn, and therefore develop. These relationships can include those that are found not only within families but also in schools and peer groups.

Culturally speaking, this factor will contribute greatly to how children develop their personality concerning the values they end up holding (perhaps for a lifetime) as well as how they view such things as traditions and customs.

Nowadays, psychologists have agreed that a child’s psychology is both unique and highly complex. However, there are debates on many different points in this field and many viewpoints exist.

1.The word “neglected” underlined in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by “______”.

A. ignored      B. destroyed        C. developed      D. explored

2.What does the third paragraph mainly tell us?

A. Popular belief about child psychology.

B. The role families play in a child’s development.

C. Factors that affect a child’s development.

D. The importance of relationships to a child.

3.The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ____.

A. introduce an important psychologist.

B. give a brief introduction to child psychology.

C. compare some of the areas of psychology.

D. explain the development in psychology.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

A new wave of psychological research is pioneering Virtual Reality (VR) to treat medical conditions from social anxiety to Alzheimer's disease.

Riding a wave of interest in mental health tech, companies creating VR content for treatment are receiving a flood of attention and funding. And, while VR has been used successfully to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) since the 1990s, these new programs address a much broader range of conditions. The library of Palo Alto-based Limbix, for instance, includes VR content designed to treat issues including alcohol addiction and teenage depression. Barcelona-based Psious offers treatments for eating disorders.

Today's VR content is primarily designed to aid exposure treatment, a treatment for anxiety disorders in which patients are exposed to the “threats” they're worried about in a safe, controlled environment, eventually learning that the “threats” are not actually very dangerous. For example, someone who fears heights might visit taller and taller buildings under the guidance of their doctor, while someone with PTSD might revisit painful memories.

VR allows doctors to create a safe and controlled environment inside a VR headset. It's a far safer, quicker and less expensive option. Using VR also gives doctors much more control over the intensity(强度)of their patients' experiences, which can lead to better treatment outcomes, said Stephane Bouchard, a professor at the University of Quebec. VR treatment patients can also do things they couldn't do in the real world. “In one of our studies, we asked patients who are afraid of heights to actually jump from a cliff,” Bouchard said.

However, not all VR treatment content is created equal. “Some companies show videos of VR environments that are incomplete, untested and definitely haven't been tried out by psychologists,” Bouchard said. Clearer rules and standards will make it easier for patients and doctors to identify products that work.

1.What problems can VR be used to treat according to the passage?

A.The fear of heights, blood pressure and eating disorders.

B.Social anxiety, PTSD and alcohol addiction.

C.Alzheimer's disease, heart attack and teenage depression.

D.Sleeping disorders, deafness and computer addiction.

2.What is the main idea of Para 4?

A.The benefits of using VR treatment. B.The principles of using V R treatment.

C.The side effects of using VR treatment. D.The causes of using VR treatment.

3.Which word can be used to describe the future of VR treatment?

A.Passive. B.Uncertain. C.Promising. D.Worrying.

4.What will be most probably discussed in the paragraph following the passage?

A.Wide use of VR treatment. B.Criteria of VR treatment.

C.Problems VR treatment are facing. D.Reasons why VR treatment standards are needed.

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析

One of the biggest challenges1.(face) students today is how to concentrate on studies.Almost all of them are struggling for their concentration power.In an age2.mobile phones and Internet are eating up most of our time and energy,one can understand how different it is to focus attention and energy on studies.

One of the most important3.(factor) for developing concentration on a task,whether it is study or anything else,4.(be) to develop an interest in that task.We are able to focus5.(easy)and more long periods of time on tasks that we find more interesting.If you ever want to concentrate on anything and studies are no6.(expect),you need7.(ensure) that the environmental around you is distraction（注意力分散）free.So the question is not how to concentrate on studies8.how to avoid distractions that have swallowed up mankind today.The only way to guarantee9.distraction free environment is by getting rid of all the unnecessary things around you,including the electronic gadgets（小器具）10.mobile phones.

高三英语短文填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

In __face of the global financial crisis, we must be all of __mind.

A．the; the           B．不填; 不填        C．the; 不填         D．不填;a

高三英语单项填空中等难度题查看答案及解析

1.According to the statistics, what is the world average of freshwater resource per person?

A. 244,973 cubic kilometers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

B. 241 cubic kilometers　　　　

C. 3,642 cubic kilometers　　　

D. 6,122 cubic kilometers　

2.Which country or region has the most freshwater resource per year?

A. Guyana　　　　　　　     B. Brazil　　　　　　　     C. Iceland　　　　     D. China

3.Which country or region appears twice on the top 5 lists?

A. Bhutan　　　　　　　     B. Seychelles　　　　　　　     C. Canada　　　　     D. Suriname

高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析