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Chances are you have heard about the “marshmallow test.” Put a marshmallow in front of a child and give them two choices: eat it now or wait 15 minutes and get two. According to a classic study, children able to delay gratification (满足) and wait for the second marshmallow have better academic, social and health outcomes years later. Since these early experiments, researchers have shown that a wide range of childhood traits from social and emotional skills to motivation and self-control can predict better life outcomes.
Now a new study has found another link between behavior in childhood and success later in life. Published in the medical journal JAMA Psychiatry, my colleagues and I report that children who were rated as “inattentive” by kindergarten teachers had lower earnings at ages 33 to 35, and those
rated as prosocial--such as being kind, helpful and considerate--earned more.
This study shows that inattention may be among the most powerful early behavioral predictors of future earnings. It also demonstrates that it is possible to identify children at risk of lower future earnings based on a single teacher assessment made in kindergarten, which has important practical implications. If these children can be identified, then it may be possible to intervene--for example, by flagging them for further assessment or by providing support or prevention programs--and thus improve their life chances.
The classic marshmallow study failed to account for intelligence and family background, which are known to influence future life success. Recent efforts to replicate that experiment using a larger and more diverse sample found that the effect was roughly half of that seen in the classic study. When the researchers controlled for the children’s IQ and family background, the effect virtually disappeared.
In another influential study, published in 2011, children aged three to 11 with good self-control were reported to have more wealth, better health and fewer criminal conviction in early adulthood. But the paper failed to consider the role of antisocial traits, such as aggression and opposition. When these were adjusted for in a replication study, the effects were considerably weakened. One problem with self-control studies such as these is that they lump many traits--such as attention, delayed gratification and conscientiousness--together to create a single composite self-control score, often combining traits assessed across multiple years. This approach makes it hard to identify the “active ingredients” that are linked with the outcome of interest, a crucial step if you plan to develop targeted intervention programs designed to improve life outcomes by promoting “good” traits and reducing “bad” ones.
The 1. marshmallow test | Children who wait for the second marshmallow perform better academically, 2. and socially later on in life. |
The main factor from a new study: inattention | Children who are considered inattentive at kindergarten earn much 3. at ages 33-35 than those with such positive 4. as kindness, helpfulness and consideration. |
It’s possible to judge if a child has potential low future outcome according to how he is 5. by the kindergarten teacher. This 6. that we can help these children by providing 7. or prevention programs. | |
Findings of the new study | Children’s future life is greatly 8. by other factors like intelligence and family background. Antisocial traits such as aggression and opposition also 9. the effect considerably. The 10. of the traits across years makes it hard to identify which traits are active during a specific time period. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填1个单词。
Life is what we make of it. How can we make our life better?Through focus—focusing on one thing and getting it done. Learning to focus can help us in many ways. It can help us realize what we really want in life. It can help us make good decisions. It can also help us accept ourselves just the way we are. Focus can help us gain power and happiness.
Focus,or concentration,is a skill that can be taught,so there are some exercises you can do to improve your focus. Start with easy exercises like staring at a picture on the wall for a few minutes without moving or talking to anyone. Once you learn how to block out your surroundings,your focus will improve.
Learn to manage your pressure. Many athletes require intense focus in their training and games. They try to spare some time to calm themselves down. It isn’t enough to just practice your shots because when game time comes,the stress and tension can make one miss a shot. This is when focus comes into play.
Another mind exercise you can do is picturing yourself in a desired situation,and then you work around your picture. Actors do this a lot to block out laughter or noise. An example of this would be to imagine yourself in a potentially stressful situation,like a singer in a concert. Try to play out the scene in your mind what you would do if different things are to happen. This can actually be a lot of fun,and you learn how to improve your focus by concentrating on one thing only.
If this sounds a little strange to you,you could try another strategy. Why not make lists?Make a list of the things you need to accomplish. Study your lists carefully and see where you can move things around. Planning helps you focus. It will also not stress you out.
A better way to improve your focus is to take breaks. Don’t spend it with your coworkers beside the coffee machine talking about problems in the office. Doing this will actually cause your stress and cause you to lose focus on the things that need to be done. Your breaks should be as quiet as possible. Read a book or take a walk. Go and do something that will give your brain a rest.
The reason why we lose focus so easily is because we have too much on our minds. Of course,it could also because you are bored with nothing to do. A good balance between a too relaxed brain and a too active brain is necessary. Find your ability to work,and try not to waste your time. Improving your focus also mean knowing what you can do and being confident about doing it well.
Title:Improving your focus
1.________of learning to focus | It can help us realize what we really want in life,make good decisions,hold positive 2.__________ towards ourselves,and gain power and happiness. |
Tips on improving focus | ·Start with easy exercises to make yourself 3._______from your surroundings. ·Keep 4.________when managing your pressure. ·Use your 5.________and play out the scene in your mind. ·Make a list to make things well 6.________. ·Take 7.________breaks to give your brain a rest. ·Make a good8.________between a too relaxed brain and a too active brain. ·Find your ability to work with9._______. |
10._______for our losing focus | ·Our minds are full of things. ·We feel bored with nothing to do. |
高三英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Life can be overwhelming (令人不知所措的).We want to do as much as we can, see the world, learn new things — and it can all get a bit too much. Sometimes we reach a point when we feel that we can no longer be interested in everything. We have to shut some of life out, and we don’t like that. We are living under the false assumption that to know anything worthwhile takes years of study, so we might as well forget it.
But sometimes inside us rebels. We still want to learn new things and make new things. They don’t have to be big things. Coping with too big a challenge can be daunting (令人怯步的).The secret is to be a “micromaster” by perfecting lots and lots of small things — for a big payoff.
A micromastery is a self-contained unit of doing, complete in itself, but connected to a greater field. You can perfect that single thing and move on to bigger things. A micromastery is the way we learn as kids. You never absorb all the fundamentals straight away 一 you learn one cool thing, then another. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has written about “flow” 一 a state in which time seems to be suspended because our involvement in what we’re doing is so great. A micromastery,because it is repeatable without being repetitious, has all the elements that allow us to enter a flow state, which produces great contentment.
As we get older our default setting (默认设置)becomes “off” not “on”. We stop getting interested in new things because we haven’t got enough time or energy. This is an excuse but who can blame us when we hear we need 10,000 hours to “master” something. Micromastery slices through all the excuses. You start with something so small and easy that it doesn’t impact on your life except positively.
We envy the person who has a perfect French accent, who can roll kayak, or compose a poem that isn’t laughable, who can lay a brick wall that doesn’t fall down. These are regarded as hard things to learn which mean a greater mastery of the filed concerned. But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then — and only then — do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world.
Seeing the world in terms of micromasteries makes anything seem possible. Fancy bookbinding? Yoga? Tap dancing or tank driving? All have their micromasteries. It’s very liberating — you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job. You will start, in a small way, to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives.
An annoying situation | • We are too 1. to accomplish everything we are interested in and sometimes we have to make a trade-off. ♦We take it for granted that anything worthwhile doesn’t have an 2. payoff, so we might as well forget it. |
A practical approach | ♦ Instead of accomplishing big things, the secret is to be a micromaster by starting 3. |
Facts about a micromastery | ♦It is connected to a greater field. We can 4.upon small successes to achieve greatness. ♦It enables us to have a good command of important things in a 5. way. ♦It can help enter a flow state when we are 6. in what we are doing. |
♦For the adults who lack time and energy to try new things, it can have a 7.impact on their lives. ♦Instead of envying the achievers, we can 8. the unknown world by | |
starting with the test piece. | |
Conclusion | ♦A micromastery can help us to liberate our minds and 9. our boundaries. ♦For a satisfied life, be a 10.of small things. |
高三英语任务型阅读困难题查看答案及解析
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Do the right Thing
In life, people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply values. Here's how to stay true to yours.
If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals, you have to know what those ideals are. Perhaps begin sessions by identifying the concepts that are most important from a list:honesty, structure, family and so on. Those qualities are influenced by your parents. your culture and society as a whole, but you have to take ownership of your own decisions.
Almost all of these qualities are things most of us desire to hold dear. To determine which principles are more than just desires, reflect on situations that resonate(t ng) with yourself.
Identifying your values will guide you in the right direction, but a few strategies can help you follow through. Before you make a big decision, do something that will put you in high spirits:exercise, socialize with friends, volunteer. Researchers theorize that such activities improve our mood, which promotes dopamine levels in certain areas of the brain, improving our cognitive abilities and helping us weigh different options.
Trouble is the toughest decisions often arrive at the most inconvenient times. when you’re under force. ask a family member. a friend or. in certain cases, a professional for advice. They can provide advice that's not slightly influenced by the work deadline, or leaky roof gradually weakening your mental energy.
Of course. people make decisions that contradict their ideals all the time. There are lots of values we hold dear and they frequently come into conflict with one another It's not so much that people don' t know what they want: it's that there are many things we desire, and we don’t always know how.
While a single decision can seem like a tug-of-war between competing desires, broader life choices don' t need to be a definitive either/or question. One who likes traveling worldwide might temporarily put off a grand trip to explore locations closer to home or commit to setting aside time for vacation with their family every summer, no matter what else comes up.
Surround yourself with people who, besides sharing your passion, can also prevent you from hesitating. A group can remind you, Hey, were doing this because we love it. "If you're still struggling. even after seeking out community support, there's no shame in revising your core values. If you're determined to take part in a charity program but spend the evening with friends instead, it may be time to accept that friendship is more important to you than volunteerism.Better yet, find opportunities to continue the charity program with your friends.
You may learn that what you believed was a core priority actually has much more to do with living: up to what your parents, co-workers or others expect. If your values agree with who you really are, no ie will have to ask you to make those choices.
Title: Do the Right Thing | |
Passage outline | Detailed information |
Problem | It's most satisfying to make choices which 1. your values. But how can you stay true to yours? |
Solutions to the problem | ▶ Know your values ● Identify your values. It can help 2. your life according to your ideals. ● Many 3. as a whole influence life concepts, but you have to take ownership of your own decisions. ● Consider situations resonating with yourself when 4. which principles are more than just desires. |
▶ Find the best time ● Do something putting you in a good5. before making big decisions. ●6. other people at the inconvenient times. | |
▶ Balance all options ● Learn to make 7. among desires. ● Avoid limiting choices to a definitive either/or question. | |
▶ Stay the course ● Stay with people who encourage you to stay true without a slight 8. . ● It is not 9. to revise your core values sometimes. but better find opportunities to make some compensation. | |
Conclusion | ● Your values may agree with the 10. of your parents, co-workers or others. ● If your values agree with who you really are, no one will have to ask you to make those choices. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
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In the United States, engineering is a profession that has been dominated historically by men. Even today, it’s still true that few women become civil or chemical or mechanical engineers, but that’s something www.EngineerGirl.org aims to change. Young women who visit the web site can find out about a great career choice they might not have considered.
“Women are very much underrepresented in engineering and in engineering education programs and then of course, down the road, in the engineering workforce. So only about 20 percent of engineering undergraduate degrees go to women, and then only about nine percent of working engineers are women.”
Mary Mattis in the National Academy of Engineering says the EngineerGirl website aims to reach young women around ages 11 through 14, when they are just getting old enough to start thinking about their futures.
“We know from the research that middle-school girls are at a critical point in their lives, and that it’s a time when we need to reach them, both with an understanding, increasing their awareness of interesting fields in engineering, what a wonderful productive and exciting career you can have as an engineer. But we also need to reach them at that time because you have to take certain courses, and you can’t start thinking about taking those courses when you’re a junior in high school.”
Engineering is a demanding course of study — there is a lot of science and mathematics, for many girls and even boys, that can be challenging. But Ms. Mattis says that the EngineerGirl website stresses that engineering can also be fun and exciting.
“It’s about designing things. It’s about changing the world for people. It’s about making a difference. And, in addition, you can make a good living; you can be independent economically by becoming an engineer. All of those things are messages that girls need to get.”
While most engineers go into traditional fields such as mechanical and electrical engineering, the EngineerGirl site also highlights unusual engineering careers in fields such as sports engineering and — believe it or not — chocolate engineering.
“There’s a section called ‘why be an engineer,’ and that talks about the many opportunities and increasingly different opportunities like with bio-engineering and environmental engineering, some fields that might appeal to girls who want to make a difference or have a meaning for their careers beyond earning an income.”Even if you are not a girl in the target age group, there’s a lot of interesting information on the site, including biographies of some notable women engineers.
Title | Website(1)________ Girls to learn Engineering |
Present(2)________ for the engineering profession in the USA | The majority of men take up the profession throughout(3)________, while only a small number of women work as engineers. |
(4)________ of the website | To make young women(5)________ of interesting fields in engineering and what productivity and(6)________ the career of being engineers can bring them. |
(7)________ of being engineers | * It can be fun and exciting. * It can(8)________ the world for people. * You can make a good living. * You can gain economic(9)________ by becoming an engineer. |
Other fields concerning engineering | Various opportunities are talked about like bio-engineering and engineering(10)________ to sports, and even chocolate. |
高三英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Electronic marketing is a form of product promotion and customer relation establishment conducted with the use of electronic media. With the development of technology, a new era in marketing has been created. Marketers have been quick to jump on subsequent (后来的) technological developments from radio to the Internet. Companies may market specially via electronic media or use a mixture of marketing media in order to reach a broad target audience. Marketing has a number of goals, including familiarizing people with companies and products, encouraging consumers to adopt specific products, and promoting a positive public opinion about a company, product, or service.
Electronic marketing is free to change its methods according to different circumstances. It allows companies to create targeted campaigns with broad reach. This form of marketing can also be very cost effective, making it possible for companies to reach lots of consumers at a small amount of the cost for other types of advertising.
In addition to media like television, radio, and the Internet, electronic marketers can use media such as phones for conveying advertisements. Talking ads mounted on bus stations and other public installations are another example. Electronic kiosks in locations like malls can also be used for marketing purposes. Marketers can create video brochures, insert ads in front of feature films, and find a number of other ways to reach the audience via electronic means.
Internet marketing in particular is rich ground for marketers. This form of electronic marketing can be generic (通用的), as in the case of banner ads placed on websites. It can also be remarkably specific, tailored to Internet use habits with the goal of reaching out to specific consumers. Marketers can serve different kinds of ads customize email marketing campaigns, and use other techniques to reach potential consumers on the Internet.
Some advertising firms specialize in electronic marketing services. They can help their customers organize effective campaigns and may also be involved in the carrying out of marketing campaigns. These firms keep up with the latest trends in marketing so that they can stay ahead with advertisements that will appeal and attract.
Companies must use electronic marketing with care. Some consumers may find such marketing upsetting, forcing companies to find creative ways to advertise that will arouse their interest instead of irritating them. It is also necessary to think about how advertising fits in with a company image and the ideals that a company wants to project. A company that prides itself on discretion(谨慎), for example, would probably not want to deliver an interruptive email marketing campaign based on browsing habits.
Passage Outline | Supporting details |
Introduction | ◆Electronic marketing is to 1.products and establish customer relations by using electronic media. ◆As technology develops, marketers have 2. their focus of technological developments from radio to the Internet. |
Features of electronic marketing | ◆Electronic marketing is 3. and it allows companies to make targeted campaigns in a wide range. ◆It is 4. to use electronic marketing than to use other types of advertising. |
5. of electronic marketing | ◆Many kinds of advertisements can be used to help marketers 6. marketing purposes. ◆7. on specific Internet use habits, marketers can reach specific potential consumers on the Internet. |
◆Some advertising firms can help customers 8. and carry out marketing campaigns. ◆These firms follow the latest trends in marketing so that they can take a 9. position in the industry. | |
Conclusions | ◆Some consumers may prefer creative ways of advertising that won't irritate them. ◆It is also necessary to consider how advertising 10. the image of a company and its ideals. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意:每个空格只填1个单词。
In the United States, engineering is a profession that has been dominated historically by men. Even today, it’s still true that few women become civil or chemical or mechanical engineers, but that’s something www.EngineerGirl.org aims to change. Young women who visit the web site can find out about a great career choice they might not have considered.
“Women are very much underrepresented in engineering and in engineering education programs and then of course, down the road, in the engineering workforce. So only about 20 percent of engineering undergraduate degrees go to women, and then only about nine percent of working engineers are women.”
Mary Mattis in the National Academy of Engineering says the EngineerGirl website aims to reach young women around ages 11 through 14, when they are just getting old enough to start thinking about their futures.
“We know from the research that middle-school girls are at a critical point in their lives, and that it’s a time when we need to reach them, both with an understanding, increasing their awareness of interesting fields in engineering, what a wonderful productive and exciting career you can have as an engineer. But we also need to reach them at that time because you have to take certain courses, and you can’t start thinking about taking those courses when you’re a junior in high school.”
Engineering is a demanding course of study — there is a lot of science and mathematics, for many girls and even boys, that can be challenging. But Ms. Mattis says that the EngineerGirl website stresses that engineering can also be fun and exciting.
“It’s about designing things. It’s about changing the world for people. It’s about making a difference. And, in addition, you can make a good living; you can be independent economically by becoming an engineer. All of those things are messages that girls need to get.”
While most engineers go into traditional fields such as mechanical and electrical engineering, the EngineerGirl site also highlights unusual engineering careers in fields such as sports engineering and — believe it or not — chocolate engineering.
“There’s a section called ‘why be an engineer,’ and that talks about the many opportunities and increasingly different opportunities like with bio-engineering and environmental engineering, some fields that might appeal to girls who want to make a difference or have a meaning for their careers beyond earning an income.”Even if you are not a girl in the target age group, there’s a lot of interesting information on the site, including biographies of some notable women engineers.
Title | Website1.Girls to learn Engineering |
Present2.for the engineering profession in the USA | The majority of men take up the profession throughout3., while only a small number of women work as engineers. |
4.of the website | To make young women5.of interesting fields in engineering and what productivity and6.the career of being engineers can bring them. |
7.of being engineers | * It can be fun and exciting. |
Other fields concerning engineering | Various opportunities are talked about like bio-engineering and engineering10.to sports, and even chocolate. |
高三英语任务型阅读中等难度题查看答案及解析
阅读填空
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Family structure is the core of any culture.A major function of the family is to socialize new members of a culture.As children are raised in a family setting,they learn to become members of the family as well as members of the larger culture.The family provides the model for all other relationships in society.Through the observations and modeling of the behavior of other family members,children learn about the family and society including the values of the culture.Family structure and their inherent relationships and obligations are a major source of cultural difference.
The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives.Many people worry about their families' welfare,reputation,and honor.Asian families are often extended,including several generations related by blood or marriage living in the same home.An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family—including the dead ancestors.
Traditional Chinese,among many other Asians,respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them.Children repay their parents' sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age.This is accepted as a natural part of life in China.In contrast,taking care of aged parents is often viewed as tremendous burden in the United States,where aging and family support are not honored highly.
The Vietnamese family consists of people currently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the asyet unborn.Any decisions or actions are done from family considerations,not individual desires.People's behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family.Vietnamese children are trained to rely on their families,to honor elderly people,and to fear foreigners.Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.
Fathers in traditional Japanese families are typically strict and distant.Japanese college students in one study said they would tell their fathers just about as much as they would tell a total stranger.The emotional and communication barrier between children and fathers in Japan appears very strong after children have reached a certain age.
Although there has been much talk about “family values”in the United States,the family is not a usual frame of reference for decisions in U.S.mainstream culture.Family connections are not so important to most people.Dropping the names of wealthy or famous people the family knows is done in the United States,but it is not viewed positively.More important is a person's own individual “track record” of personal achievement.
Thus,many cultural differences exist in family structures and values.In some cultures,the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions.In other cultures,the individuals,not the family,is primary.In some cultures,the family's reputation and honor depend on each person's actions;in other cultures,individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life.Some cultures value old people,while other cultures look down on them.
(Adaptedfrom R.L.Oxford & R.C.Scarcella,“A Few Family Structures and Values Around the Globe”)
高三英语阅读理解中等难度题查看答案及解析
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Interviewing someone for a job is not as easy as it looks. First, as the interviewer, you're tasked with finding the person who will not only do the job well but also fit in well with the other employees.
You have to make an evaluation of abstract qualities that can't be found on a résumé. Because you have to repeat the process for every potential employee, you end up asking question after question, applicant after applicant.
Still, interviewers need to be told something,“What is your biggest weakness?” is not a good question. It just isn't.
Now, job seekers have to understand that interviewers want to find some way to know what makes an applicant different from others. Asking questions that are seemingly impossible to answer is one way to see who can think creatively. Then what may be a proper way to respond to such a question?
Honesty, with a twist(新手法)
“‘What are your three strengths and three weaknesses?’ is a classic, but not too many people know how to answer this,” says Kenneth C. Wisnefski, founder and CEO of WebiMax, an online marketing company.
“As an interviewer, we want to hear strengths that describe initiative(主动性), motivation and dedication. The best way to respond is to include these qualities into specific ‘personal statements’.”
“Similarly, weaknesses should be positioned as a strength that can benefit the employer.”
“I like to hear applicants state an exaggerated strength, and put an interesting twist on it. An example of this is, ‘My initiative is so strong, that sometimes I take on too many projects at a time.’”
This answer leads with a strength that employers want—initiative—and still acknowledges that you're not perfect.
Although you might consider this acknowledgement too honest, it works because it proves you're being honest.
Honesty, with progress
When you consider what your weaknesses are, think about how you have attempted to overcome them. No one is perfect, so pretending that you are a perfectionist will come across as insincere.
Debra Davenport, author of “Career Shuffle”, believes citing(引用) examples are the best approach.
“My preferred response for this question is to tell the truth without damaging the applicant's image.” Davenport explains.
“A better response might be, ‘I've had some challenges with worklife balance in the past and I realize that a life out of balance isn't good for me, my family or my employer. I've taken the time to learn better time and project management, and I'm also committed to my overall wellness.’”
The answer adds some dimension to the question, and proves you're thought beyond the answer. You've actually changed your behavior to address the situation, even if you haven't completely overcome the weakness.
Put yourself in the interviewer's shoes
However you decide to answer, Debra Yergen, author of “Creating Job Security Resource Guide”, recommends job seekers imagine themselves sitting on the other side of the desk.
“If you were doing the hiring, what would you be looking for? What would be your motivation for asking certain questions? Who whould you be trying to weed out? If you can empathize(共鸣) with the interviewer, you can better understand what they want and need, and then frame your qualifications to meet their needs for the position you seek.”
Once you consider what the goal of the question is and figure out what your honest answer is, you'll be able to give the best possible answer to a tricky question.
Job Interviews | |
Tasks for a job interviewer | ☆ Find the person both doing the job well and (1)________ along well with other employees. ☆ (2)________ abstract qualities of applicants by asking one question after another. |
(3)________ to interviewees for replying to a tricky question | ☆ Understand that the interviewers want to (4)________ between applicants and that asking a question seemingly impossible to answer is one way to see an applicant's (5)________. ☆ Be (6)________ and inventive when asked about your weaknesses, and respond properly. ☆ Never (7)________ you are perfect, which may be believed to be insincere. ☆ Try to show that you've changed a lot (8)________ you haven't completely get rid of your weaknesses. ☆ Put yourself in the interviewer's shoes and have a better (9)________ of their needs for the job. |
Conclusion | ☆ With the goal of the question (10)________ into account and the honest answer in your mind, you will be able to give the best possible answer. |
高三英语其他题中等难度题查看答案及解析
认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意:每空格只填一个单词。
If we agree that the function of education is to prepare us for life, then there is very little time to waste. So, while we can, we ought to concentrate on teaching children something really useful. Here is what our schools should teach.
Politeness is a mark of civilization. The sooner children learn this, the better. In any case, a lot can be accomplished by a smile and good manners.
Like it or not, our adult lives will be consumed by the struggle for money, but we don’t make an effort to teach children how to manage it. So our schools have a duty to teach them this ability from the beginning.
We’re likely no accept something we are told, but that’s not what educated people do. Educated people are reasonable and they look at facts. If our schools teach nothing else, they should at least teach critical(批判性的)thinking.
Children should learn to take care of their health. They should know that if they eat junk food(垃圾食品), they will become fat and unhealthy. They should be very clear about what happens to their bodies when they drink or smoke.
All of us are part of society. We have rights and responsibilities. We ought to understand what they are. We have to know a little bit of history and geography, because we need to have an environment in which to relate to the people around us.
How will we test students on these? We can’t. But that’s not a reason to avoid teaching what is important. Our schools should spend every moment they have telling this to our children: “This is life, this is what you are going to face, and this is how you deal with it.”
Title | Very Useful (56)________ |
Introduction | Education should be a (57)________for life. |
Advice | Important things should be taught in (58)________. |
Teaching (59)________ | ●How to behave (60)________ ●The basic skill of (61)________money ●How to (62)________in a critical way ●How to keep (63)________ ●The rights and responsibilities one has in (64)________ |
Conclusion | Children should be taught what (65)________is and how to deal with it. |
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Family structure is the core of any culture. A major function of the family is to socialize new members ofa culture. As children are raised in a family setting, they learn to become members of the family as well as members of the larger culture. The family provides the model for all other relationships in society. Through the observations and modeling of the behavior of other family members, children learn about the family and society including the values of the culture. Family structure and their inherent relationships and obligations are a major source of cultural difference.
The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives. Many people worry about their families' welfare, reputation, and honor. Asian families are often extended, including several generations related by blood or marriage living in the same home. An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family—including the dead ancestors.
Traditional Chinese, among many other Asians, respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents' sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as tremendous burden in the United States, where aging and family support are not honored highly.
The Vietnamese family consists of people currently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn. Any decisions or actions are done from family considerations, not individual desires. People's behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family. Vietnamese children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.
Fathers in traditional Japanese families are typically strict and distant. Japanese college students in one study said they would tell their fathers just about as much as they would tell a total stranger. The emotional and communication barrier between children and fathers in Japan appears very strong after children have reached a certain age.
Although there has been much talk about "family values" in the United States, the family is not a usual frame of reference for decisions in U.S. mainstream culture. Family connections are not so important to most people. Dropping the names of wealthy or famous people the family knows is done in the United States, but it is not viewed positively. More important is a person's own individual "track record" of personal achievement.
Thus, many cultural differences exist in family structures and values. In some cultures, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions. In other cultures, the individuals, not the family, is primary. In some cultures, the family's reputation and honor depend on each person's actions; in other cultures, individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life. Some cultures value old people, while other cultures look down on them.
(Adapted from R. L. Oxford & R. C. Scarcella, "A Few Family Structures and Values Around the Globe")
Outline | Supporting details |
1. A to family structure | Family structure is of great 2. A in different cultures. Children raised in a family will gradually learn how to 3. A in a way which is acceptable in their culture or setting. 'Many cultural differences 4. A from family structures. |
Examples of Asian families | Traditional Asians 5. A their lives around family. Not only the individual but the family is to6. A for any wrongdoings. O In China, parents' sacrifices will probably7. off when children grow up. Children will also provide for the elders. O In Vietnam, it's not from the personal desires but from family considerations that decisions or actions are done. In Japan, children are 8. A to share their emotions with father, thus making communication difficult. |
Examples of families in the USA | Americans don't lay much emphasis on family values. 9. A personal achievement is considered more important. |
Conclusion | Family structures and values 10. A in different cultures. |
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